**DO NOT READ THIS FILE ON GITHUB, GUIDES ARE PUBLISHED ON https://guides.rubyonrails.org.**

Upgrading Ruby on Rails
=======================

This guide provides steps to be followed when you upgrade your applications to a newer version of Ruby on Rails. These steps are also available in individual release guides.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

General Advice
--------------

Before attempting to upgrade an existing application, you should be sure you have a good reason to upgrade. You need to balance several factors: the need for new features, the increasing difficulty of finding support for old code, and your available time and skills, to name a few.

### Test Coverage

The best way to be sure that your application still works after upgrading is to have good test coverage before you start the process. If you don't have automated tests that exercise the bulk of your application, you'll need to spend time manually exercising all the parts that have changed. In the case of a Rails upgrade, that will mean every single piece of functionality in the application. Do yourself a favor and make sure your test coverage is good _before_ you start an upgrade.

### The Upgrade Process

When changing Rails versions, it's best to move slowly, one minor version at a time, in order to make good use of the deprecation warnings. Rails version numbers are in the form Major.Minor.Patch. Major and Minor versions are allowed to make changes to the public API, so this may cause errors in your application. Patch versions only include bug fixes, and don't change any public API.

The process should go as follows:

1. Write tests and make sure they pass.
2. Move to the latest patch version after your current version.
3. Fix tests and deprecated features.
4. Move to the latest patch version of the next minor version.

Repeat this process until you reach your target Rails version. Each time you move versions, you will need to change the Rails version number in the `Gemfile` (and possibly other gem versions) and run `bundle update`. Then run the Update task mentioned below to update configuration files, then run your tests.

You can find a list of all released Rails versions [here](https://rubygems.org/gems/rails/versions).

### Ruby Versions

Rails generally stays close to the latest released Ruby version when it's released:

* Rails 6 requires Ruby 2.5.0 or newer.
* Rails 5 requires Ruby 2.2.2 or newer.
* Rails 4 prefers Ruby 2.0 and requires 1.9.3 or newer.
* Rails 3.2.x is the last branch to support Ruby 1.8.7.
* Rails 3 and above require Ruby 1.8.7 or higher. Support for all of the previous Ruby versions has been dropped officially. You should upgrade as early as possible.

TIP: Ruby 1.8.7 p248 and p249 have marshalling bugs that crash Rails. Ruby Enterprise Edition has these fixed since the release of 1.8.7-2010.02. On the 1.9 front, Ruby 1.9.1 is not usable because it outright segfaults, so if you want to use 1.9.x, jump straight to 1.9.3 for smooth sailing.

### The Update Task

Rails provides the `app:update` command (`rake rails:update` on 4.2 and earlier). After updating the Rails version
in the `Gemfile`, run this command.
This will help you with the creation of new files and changes of old files in an
interactive session.

```bash
$ bin/rails app:update
   identical  config/boot.rb
       exist  config
    conflict  config/routes.rb
Overwrite /myapp/config/routes.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh]
       force  config/routes.rb
    conflict  config/application.rb
Overwrite /myapp/config/application.rb? (enter "h" for help) [Ynaqdh]
       force  config/application.rb
    conflict  config/environment.rb
...
```

Don't forget to review the difference, to see if there were any unexpected changes.

### Configure Framework Defaults

The new Rails version might have different configuration defaults than the previous version. However, after following the steps described above, your application would still run with configuration defaults from the *previous* Rails version. That's because the value for `config.load_defaults` in `config/application.rb` has not been changed yet.

To allow you to upgrade to new defaults one by one, the update task has created a file `config/initializers/new_framework_defaults.rb`. Once your application is ready to run with new defaults, you can remove this file and flip the `config.load_defaults` value.

Upgrading from Rails 6.0 to Rails 6.1
-------------------------------------

For more information on changes made to Rails 6.1 please see the [release notes](6_1_release_notes.html).

### `Rails.application.config_for` return value no longer supports access with String keys.

Given a configuration file like this:

```yaml
# config/example.yml
development:
  options:
    key: value
```

```ruby
Rails.application.config_for(:example).options
```

This used to return a hash on which you could access values with String keys. That was deprecated in 6.0, and now doesn't work anymore.

You can call `with_indifferent_access` on the return value of `config_for` if you still want to access values with String keys, e.g.:

```ruby
Rails.application.config_for(:example).with_indifferent_access.dig('options', 'key')
```

### Response's Content-Type when using `respond_to#any`

The Content-Type header returned in the response can differ from what Rails 6.0 returned,
more specifically if your application uses `respond_to { |format| format.any }`.
The Content-Type will now be based on the given block rather than the request's format.

Example:

```ruby
def my_action
  respond_to do |format|
    format.any { render(json: { foo: 'bar' }) }
  end
end
```

```ruby
get('my_action.csv')
```

Previous behaviour was returning a `text/csv` response's Content-Type which is inaccurate since a JSON response is being rendered.
Current behaviour correctly returns a `application/json` response's Content-Type.

If your application relies on the previous incorrect behaviour, you are encouraged to specify
which formats your action accepts, i.e.

```ruby
format.any(:xml, :json) { render request.format.to_sym => @people }
```

### `ActiveSupport::Callbacks#halted_callback_hook` now receive a second argument

Active Support allows you to override the `halted_callback_hook` whenever a callback
halts the chain. This method now receive a second argument which is the name of the callback being halted.
If you have classes that override this method, make sure it accepts two arguments. Note that this is a breaking
change without a prior deprecation cycle (for performance reasons).

Example:

```ruby
class Book < ApplicationRecord
  before_save { throw(:abort) }
  before_create { throw(:abort) }

  def halted_callback_hook(filter, callback_name) # => This method now accepts 2 arguments instead of 1
    Rails.logger.info("Book couldn't be #{callback_name}d")
  end
end
```

### The `helper` class method in controllers uses `String#constantize`

Conceptually, before Rails 6.1

```ruby
helper "foo/bar"
```

resulted in

```ruby
require_dependency "foo/bar_helper"
module_name = "foo/bar_helper".camelize
module_name.constantize
```

Now it does this instead:

```ruby
prefix = "foo/bar".camelize
"#{prefix}Helper".constantize
```

This change is backwards compatible for the majority of applications, in which case you do not need to do anything.

Technically, however, controllers could configure `helpers_path` to point to a directory in `$LOAD_PATH` that was not in the autoload paths. That use case is no longer supported out of the box. If the helper module is not autoloadable, the application is responsible for loading it before calling `helper`.

### Redirection to HTTPS from HTTP will now use the 308 HTTP status code

The default HTTP status code used in `ActionDispatch::SSL` when redirecting non-GET/HEAD requests from HTTP to HTTPS has been changed to `308` as defined in https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7538.

### Active Storage now requires Image Processing

When processing variants in Active Storage, it's now required to have the [image_processing gem](https://github.com/janko-m/image_processing) bundled instead of directly using `mini_magick`. Image Processing is configured by default to use `mini_magick` behind the scenes, so the easiest way to upgrade is by replacing the `mini_magick` gem for the `image_processing` gem and making sure to remove the explicit usage of `combine_options` since it's no longer needed.

For readability, you may wish to change raw `resize` calls to `image_processing` macros. For example, instead of:

```ruby
video.preview(resize: "100x100")
video.preview(resize: "100x100>")
video.preview(resize: "100x100^")
```

you can respectively do:

```ruby
video.preview(resize_to_fit: [100, 100])
video.preview(resize_to_limit: [100, 100])
video.preview(resize_to_fill: [100, 100])
```

Upgrading from Rails 5.2 to Rails 6.0
-------------------------------------

For more information on changes made to Rails 6.0 please see the [release notes](6_0_release_notes.html).

### Using Webpacker

[Webpacker](https://github.com/rails/webpacker)
is the default JavaScript compiler for Rails 6. But if you are upgrading the app, it is not activated by default.
If you want to use Webpacker, then include it in your Gemfile and install it:

```ruby
gem "webpacker"
```

```bash
$ bin/rails webpacker:install
```

### Force SSL

The `force_ssl` method on controllers has been deprecated and will be removed in
Rails 6.1. You are encouraged to enable `config.force_ssl` to enforce HTTPS
connections throughout your application. If you need to exempt certain endpoints
from redirection, you can use `config.ssl_options` to configure that behavior.

### Purpose and expiry metadata is now embedded inside signed and encrypted cookies for increased security

To improve security, Rails embeds the purpose and expiry metadata inside encrypted or signed cookies value.

Rails can then thwart attacks that attempt to copy the signed/encrypted value
of a cookie and use it as the value of another cookie.

This new embed metadata make those cookies incompatible with versions of Rails older than 6.0.

If you require your cookies to be read by Rails 5.2 and older, or you are still validating your 6.0 deploy and want
to be able to rollback set
`Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.use_cookies_with_metadata` to `false`.

### All npm packages have been moved to the `@rails` scope

If you were previously loading any of the `actioncable`, `activestorage`,
or `rails-ujs` packages through npm/yarn, you must update the names of these
dependencies before you can upgrade them to `6.0.0`:

```
actioncable   → @rails/actioncable
activestorage → @rails/activestorage
rails-ujs     → @rails/ujs
```

### Action Cable JavaScript API Changes

The Action Cable JavaScript package has been converted from CoffeeScript
to ES2015, and we now publish the source code in the npm distribution.

This release includes some breaking changes to optional parts of the
Action Cable JavaScript API:

- Configuration of the WebSocket adapter and logger adapter have been moved
  from properties of `ActionCable` to properties of `ActionCable.adapters`.
  If you are configuring these adapters you will need to make
  these changes:

    ```diff
    -    ActionCable.WebSocket = MyWebSocket
    +    ActionCable.adapters.WebSocket = MyWebSocket
    ```

    ```diff
    -    ActionCable.logger = myLogger
    +    ActionCable.adapters.logger = myLogger
    ```

- The `ActionCable.startDebugging()` and `ActionCable.stopDebugging()`
  methods have been removed and replaced with the property
  `ActionCable.logger.enabled`. If you are using these methods you
  will need to make these changes:

    ```diff
    -    ActionCable.startDebugging()
    +    ActionCable.logger.enabled = true
    ```

    ```diff
    -    ActionCable.stopDebugging()
    +    ActionCable.logger.enabled = false
    ```

### `ActionDispatch::Response#content_type` now returns the Content-Type header without modification

Previously, the return value of `ActionDispatch::Response#content_type` did NOT contain the charset part.
This behavior has changed to include the previously omitted charset part as well.

If you want just the MIME type, please use `ActionDispatch::Response#media_type` instead.

Before:

```ruby
resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new(200, "Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16")
resp.content_type #=> "text/csv; header=present"
```

After:

```ruby
resp = ActionDispatch::Response.new(200, "Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16")
resp.content_type #=> "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16"
resp.media_type   #=> "text/csv"
```

### Autoloading

The default configuration for Rails 6

```ruby
# config/application.rb

config.load_defaults 6.0
```

enables `zeitwerk` autoloading mode on CRuby. In that mode, autoloading, reloading, and eager loading are managed by [Zeitwerk](https://github.com/fxn/zeitwerk).

#### Public API

In general, applications do not need to use the API of Zeitwerk directly. Rails sets things up according to the existing contract: `config.autoload_paths`, `config.cache_classes`, etc.

While applications should stick to that interface, the actual Zeitwerk loader object can be accessed as

```ruby
Rails.autoloaders.main
```

That may be handy if you need to preload STIs or configure a custom inflector, for example.

#### Project Structure

If the application being upgraded autoloads correctly, the project structure should be already mostly compatible.

However, `classic` mode infers file names from missing constant names (`underscore`), whereas `zeitwerk` mode infers constant names from file names (`camelize`). These helpers are not always inverse of each other, in particular if acronyms are involved. For instance, `"FOO".underscore` is `"foo"`, but `"foo".camelize` is `"Foo"`, not `"FOO"`.

Compatibility can be checked with the `zeitwerk:check` task:

```bash
$ bin/rails zeitwerk:check
Hold on, I am eager loading the application.
All is good!
```

#### require_dependency

All known use cases of `require_dependency` have been eliminated, you should grep the project and delete them.

If your application has STIs, please check their section in the guide [Autoloading and Reloading Constants (Zeitwerk Mode)](autoloading_and_reloading_constants.html#single-table-inheritance).

#### Qualified names in class and module definitions

You can now robustly use constant paths in class and module definitions:

```ruby
# Autoloading in this class' body matches Ruby semantics now.
class Admin::UsersController < ApplicationController
  # ...
end
```

A gotcha to be aware of is that, depending on the order of execution, the classic autoloader could sometimes be able to autoload `Foo::Wadus` in

```ruby
class Foo::Bar
  Wadus
end
```

That does not match Ruby semantics because `Foo` is not in the nesting, and won't work at all in `zeitwerk` mode. If you find such corner case you can use the qualified name `Foo::Wadus`:

```ruby
class Foo::Bar
  Foo::Wadus
end
```

or add `Foo` to the nesting:

```ruby
module Foo
  class Bar
    Wadus
  end
end
```

#### Concerns

You can autoload and eager load from a standard structure like

```
app/models
app/models/concerns
```

In that case, `app/models/concerns` is assumed to be a root directory (because it belongs to the autoload paths), and it is ignored as namespace. So, `app/models/concerns/foo.rb` should define `Foo`, not `Concerns::Foo`.

The `Concerns::` namespace worked with the classic autoloader as a side-effect of the implementation, but it was not really an intended behavior. An application using `Concerns::` needs to rename those classes and modules to be able to run in `zeitwerk` mode.

#### Having `app` in the autoload paths

Some projects want something like `app/api/base.rb` to define `API::Base`, and add `app` to the autoload paths to accomplish that in `classic` mode. Since Rails adds all subdirectories of `app` to the autoload paths automatically, we have another situation in which there are nested root directories, so that setup no longer works. Similar principle we explained above with `concerns`.

If you want to keep that structure, you'll need to delete the subdirectory from the autoload paths in an initializer:

```ruby
ActiveSupport::Dependencies.autoload_paths.delete("#{Rails.root}/app/api")
```

#### Autoloaded Constants and Explicit Namespaces

If a namespace is defined in a file, as `Hotel` is here:

```
app/models/hotel.rb         # Defines Hotel.
app/models/hotel/pricing.rb # Defines Hotel::Pricing.
```

the `Hotel` constant has to be set using the `class` or `module` keywords. For example:

```ruby
class Hotel
end
```

is good.

Alternatives like

```ruby
Hotel = Class.new
```

or

```ruby
Hotel = Struct.new
```

won't work, child objects like `Hotel::Pricing` won't be found.

This restriction only applies to explicit namespaces. Classes and modules not defining a namespace can be defined using those idioms.

#### One file, one constant (at the same top-level)

In `classic` mode you could technically define several constants at the same top-level and have them all reloaded. For example, given

```ruby
# app/models/foo.rb

class Foo
end

class Bar
end
```

while `Bar` could not be autoloaded, autoloading `Foo` would mark `Bar` as autoloaded too. This is not the case in `zeitwerk` mode, you need to move `Bar` to its own file `bar.rb`. One file, one constant.

This affects only to constants at the same top-level as in the example above. Inner classes and modules are fine. For example, consider

```ruby
# app/models/foo.rb

class Foo
  class InnerClass
  end
end
```

If the application reloads `Foo`, it will reload `Foo::InnerClass` too.

#### Spring and the `test` Environment

Spring reloads the application code if something changes. In the `test` environment you need to enable reloading for that to work:

```ruby
# config/environments/test.rb

config.cache_classes = false
```

Otherwise you'll get this error:

```
reloading is disabled because config.cache_classes is true
```

#### Bootsnap

Bootsnap should be at least version 1.4.2.

In addition to that, Bootsnap needs to disable the iseq cache due to a bug in the interpreter if running Ruby 2.5. Please make sure to depend on at least Bootsnap 1.4.4 in that case.

#### `config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path`

The new configuration point

```ruby
config.add_autoload_paths_to_load_path
```

is `true` by default for backwards compatibility, but allows you to opt-out from adding the autoload paths to `$LOAD_PATH`.

This makes sense in most applications, since you never should require a file in `app/models`, for example, and Zeitwerk only uses absolute file names internally.

By opting-out you optimize `$LOAD_PATH` lookups (less directories to check), and save Bootsnap work and memory consumption, since it does not need to build an index for these directories.

#### Thread-safety

In classic mode, constant autoloading is not thread-safe, though Rails has locks in place for example to make web requests thread-safe when autoloading is enabled, as it is common in the development environment.

Constant autoloading is thread-safe in `zeitwerk` mode. For example, you can now autoload in multi-threaded scripts executed by the `runner` command.

#### Globs in config.autoload_paths

Beware of configurations like

```ruby
config.autoload_paths += Dir["#{config.root}/lib/**/"]
```

Every element of `config.autoload_paths` should represent the top-level namespace (`Object`) and they cannot be nested in consequence (with the exception of `concerns` directories explained above).

To fix this, just remove the wildcards:

```ruby
config.autoload_paths << "#{config.root}/lib"
```

#### Eager loading and autoloading are consistent

In `classic` mode, if `app/models/foo.rb` defines `Bar`, you won't be able to autoload that file, but eager loading will work because it loads files recursively blindly. This can be a source of errors if you test things first eager loading, execution may fail later autoloading.

In `zeitwerk` mode both loading modes are consistent, they fail and err in the same files.

#### How to Use the Classic Autoloader in Rails 6

Applications can load Rails 6 defaults and still use the classic autoloader by setting `config.autoloader` this way:

```ruby
# config/application.rb

config.load_defaults 6.0
config.autoloader = :classic
```

When using the Classic Autoloader in Rails 6 application it is recommended to set concurrency level to 1 in development environment, for the web servers and background processors, due to the thread-safety concerns.

### Active Storage assignment behavior change

With the configuration defaults for Rails 5.2, assigning to a collection of attachments declared with `has_many_attached` appends new files:

```ruby
class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_many_attached :highlights
end

user.highlights.attach(filename: "funky.jpg", ...)
user.highlights.count # => 1

blob = ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(filename: "town.jpg", ...)
user.update!(highlights: [ blob ])

user.highlights.count # => 2
user.highlights.first.filename # => "funky.jpg"
user.highlights.second.filename # => "town.jpg"
```

With the configuration defaults for Rails 6.0, assigning to a collection of attachments replaces existing files instead of appending to them. This matches Active Record behavior when assigning to a collection association:

```ruby
user.highlights.attach(filename: "funky.jpg", ...)
user.highlights.count # => 1

blob = ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(filename: "town.jpg", ...)
user.update!(highlights: [ blob ])

user.highlights.count # => 1
user.highlights.first.filename # => "town.jpg"
```

`#attach` can be used to add new attachments without removing the existing ones:

```ruby
blob = ActiveStorage::Blob.create_after_upload!(filename: "town.jpg", ...)
user.highlights.attach(blob)

user.highlights.count # => 2
user.highlights.first.filename # => "funky.jpg"
user.highlights.second.filename # => "town.jpg"
```

Existing applications can opt in to this new behavior by setting `config.active_storage.replace_on_assign_to_many` to `true`. The old behavior will be deprecated in Rails 6.1 and removed in a subsequent release.

Upgrading from Rails 5.1 to Rails 5.2
-------------------------------------

For more information on changes made to Rails 5.2 please see the [release notes](5_2_release_notes.html).

### Bootsnap

Rails 5.2 adds bootsnap gem in the [newly generated app's Gemfile](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/29313).
The `app:update` command sets it up in `boot.rb`. If you want to use it, then add it in the Gemfile,
otherwise change the `boot.rb` to not use bootsnap.

### Expiry in signed or encrypted cookie is now embedded in the cookies values

To improve security, Rails now embeds the expiry information also in encrypted or signed cookies value.

This new embed information make those cookies incompatible with versions of Rails older than 5.2.

If you require your cookies to be read by 5.1 and older, or you are still validating your 5.2 deploy and want
to allow you to rollback set
`Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.use_authenticated_cookie_encryption` to `false`.

Upgrading from Rails 5.0 to Rails 5.1
-------------------------------------

For more information on changes made to Rails 5.1 please see the [release notes](5_1_release_notes.html).

### Top-level `HashWithIndifferentAccess` is soft-deprecated

If your application uses the top-level `HashWithIndifferentAccess` class, you
should slowly move your code to instead use `ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess`.

It is only soft-deprecated, which means that your code will not break at the
moment and no deprecation warning will be displayed, but this constant will be
removed in the future.

Also, if you have pretty old YAML documents containing dumps of such objects,
you may need to load and dump them again to make sure that they reference
the right constant, and that loading them won't break in the future.

### `application.secrets` now loaded with all keys as symbols

If your application stores nested configuration in `config/secrets.yml`, all keys
are now loaded as symbols, so access using strings should be changed.

From:

```ruby
Rails.application.secrets[:smtp_settings]["address"]
```

To:

```ruby
Rails.application.secrets[:smtp_settings][:address]
```

### Removed deprecated support to `:text` and `:nothing` in `render`

If your views are using `render :text`, they will no longer work. The new method
of rendering text with MIME type of `text/plain` is to use `render :plain`.

Similarly, `render :nothing` is also removed and you should use the `head` method
to send responses that contain only headers. For example, `head :ok` sends a
200 response with no body to render.


Upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0
-------------------------------------

For more information on changes made to Rails 5.0 please see the [release notes](5_0_release_notes.html).

### Ruby 2.2.2+ required

From Ruby on Rails 5.0 onwards, Ruby 2.2.2+ is the only supported Ruby version.
Make sure you are on Ruby 2.2.2 version or greater, before you proceed.

### Active Record Models Now Inherit from ApplicationRecord by Default

In Rails 4.2, an Active Record model inherits from `ActiveRecord::Base`. In Rails 5.0,
all models inherit from `ApplicationRecord`.

`ApplicationRecord` is a new superclass for all app models, analogous to app
controllers subclassing `ApplicationController` instead of
`ActionController::Base`. This gives apps a single spot to configure app-wide
model behavior.

When upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0, you need to create an
`application_record.rb` file in `app/models/` and add the following content:

```ruby
class ApplicationRecord < ActiveRecord::Base
  self.abstract_class = true
end
```

Then make sure that all your models inherit from it.

### Halting Callback Chains via `throw(:abort)`

In Rails 4.2, when a 'before' callback returns `false` in Active Record
and Active Model, then the entire callback chain is halted. In other words,
successive 'before' callbacks are not executed, and neither is the action wrapped
in callbacks.

In Rails 5.0, returning `false` in an Active Record or Active Model callback
will not have this side effect of halting the callback chain. Instead, callback
chains must be explicitly halted by calling `throw(:abort)`.

When you upgrade from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0, returning `false` in those kind of
callbacks will still halt the callback chain, but you will receive a deprecation
warning about this upcoming change.

When you are ready, you can opt into the new behavior and remove the deprecation
warning by adding the following configuration to your `config/application.rb`:

```ruby
ActiveSupport.halt_callback_chains_on_return_false = false
```

Note that this option will not affect Active Support callbacks since they never
halted the chain when any value was returned.

See [#17227](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/17227) for more details.

### ActiveJob Now Inherits from ApplicationJob by Default

In Rails 4.2, an Active Job inherits from `ActiveJob::Base`. In Rails 5.0, this
behavior has changed to now inherit from `ApplicationJob`.

When upgrading from Rails 4.2 to Rails 5.0, you need to create an
`application_job.rb` file in `app/jobs/` and add the following content:

```ruby
class ApplicationJob < ActiveJob::Base
end
```

Then make sure that all your job classes inherit from it.

See [#19034](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/19034) for more details.

### Rails Controller Testing

#### Extraction of some helper methods to `rails-controller-testing`

`assigns` and `assert_template` have been extracted to the `rails-controller-testing` gem. To
continue using these methods in your controller tests, add `gem 'rails-controller-testing'` to
your `Gemfile`.

If you are using RSpec for testing, please see the extra configuration required in the gem's
documentation.

#### New behavior when uploading files

If you are using `ActionDispatch::Http::UploadedFile` in your tests to
upload files, you will need to change to use the similar `Rack::Test::UploadedFile`
class instead.

See [#26404](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues/26404) for more details.

### Autoloading is Disabled After Booting in the Production Environment

Autoloading is now disabled after booting in the production environment by
default.

Eager loading the application is part of the boot process, so top-level
constants are fine and are still autoloaded, no need to require their files.

Constants in deeper places only executed at runtime, like regular method bodies,
are also fine because the file defining them will have been eager loaded while booting.

For the vast majority of applications this change needs no action. But in the
very rare event that your application needs autoloading while running in
production, set `Rails.application.config.enable_dependency_loading` to true.

### XML Serialization

`ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml` has been extracted from Rails to the `activemodel-serializers-xml`
gem. To continue using XML serialization in your application, add `gem 'activemodel-serializers-xml'`
to your `Gemfile`.

### Removed Support for Legacy `mysql` Database Adapter

Rails 5 removes support for the legacy `mysql` database adapter. Most users should be able to
use `mysql2` instead. It will be converted to a separate gem when we find someone to maintain
it.

### Removed Support for Debugger

`debugger` is not supported by Ruby 2.2 which is required by Rails 5. Use `byebug` instead.

### Use `bin/rails` for running tasks and tests

Rails 5 adds the ability to run tasks and tests through `bin/rails` instead of rake. Generally
these changes are in parallel with rake, but some were ported over altogether.

To use the new test runner simply type `bin/rails test`.

`rake dev:cache` is now `bin/rails dev:cache`.

Run `bin/rails` inside your application's root directory to see the list of commands available.

### `ActionController::Parameters` No Longer Inherits from `HashWithIndifferentAccess`

Calling `params` in your application will now return an object instead of a hash. If your
parameters are already permitted, then you will not need to make any changes. If you are using `map`
and other methods that depend on being able to read the hash regardless of `permitted?` you will
need to upgrade your application to first permit and then convert to a hash.

```ruby
params.permit([:proceed_to, :return_to]).to_h
```

### `protect_from_forgery` Now Defaults to `prepend: false`

`protect_from_forgery` defaults to `prepend: false` which means that it will be inserted into
the callback chain at the point in which you call it in your application. If you want
`protect_from_forgery` to always run first, then you should change your application to use
`protect_from_forgery prepend: true`.

### Default Template Handler is Now RAW

Files without a template handler in their extension will be rendered using the raw handler.
Previously Rails would render files using the ERB template handler.

If you do not want your file to be handled via the raw handler, you should add an extension
to your file that can be parsed by the appropriate template handler.

### Added Wildcard Matching for Template Dependencies

You can now use wildcard matching for your template dependencies. For example, if you were
defining your templates as such:

```erb
<% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/subscribers_changed %>
<% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/completed %>
<% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/uncompleted %>
```

You can now just call the dependency once with a wildcard.

```erb
<% # Template Dependency: recordings/threads/events/* %>
```

### `ActionView::Helpers::RecordTagHelper` moved to external gem (record_tag_helper)

`content_tag_for` and `div_for` have been removed in favor of just using `content_tag`. To continue using the older methods, add the `record_tag_helper` gem to your `Gemfile`:

```ruby
gem 'record_tag_helper', '~> 1.0'
```

See [#18411](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/18411) for more details.

### Removed Support for `protected_attributes` Gem

The `protected_attributes` gem is no longer supported in Rails 5.

### Removed support for `activerecord-deprecated_finders` gem

The `activerecord-deprecated_finders` gem is no longer supported in Rails 5.

### `ActiveSupport::TestCase` Default Test Order is Now Random

When tests are run in your application, the default order is now `:random`
instead of `:sorted`. Use the following config option to set it back to `:sorted`.

```ruby
# config/environments/test.rb
Rails.application.configure do
  config.active_support.test_order = :sorted
end
```

### `ActionController::Live` became a `Concern`

If you include `ActionController::Live` in another module that is included in your controller, then you
should also extend the module with `ActiveSupport::Concern`. Alternatively, you can use the `self.included` hook
to include `ActionController::Live` directly to the controller once the `StreamingSupport` is included.

This means that if your application used to have its own streaming module, the following code
would break in production:

```ruby
# This is a work-around for streamed controllers performing authentication with Warden/Devise.
# See https://github.com/plataformatec/devise/issues/2332
# Authenticating in the router is another solution as suggested in that issue
class StreamingSupport
  include ActionController::Live # this won't work in production for Rails 5
  # extend ActiveSupport::Concern # unless you uncomment this line.

  def process(name)
    super(name)
  rescue ArgumentError => e
    if e.message == 'uncaught throw :warden'
      throw :warden
    else
      raise e
    end
  end
end
```

### New Framework Defaults

#### Active Record `belongs_to` Required by Default Option

`belongs_to` will now trigger a validation error by default if the association is not present.

This can be turned off per-association with `optional: true`.

This default will be automatically configured in new applications. If an existing application
wants to add this feature it will need to be turned on in an initializer:

```ruby
config.active_record.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
```

The configuration is by default global for all your models, but you can
override it on a per model basis. This should help you migrate all your models to have their
associations required by default.

```ruby
class Book < ApplicationRecord
  # model is not yet ready to have its association required by default

  self.belongs_to_required_by_default = false
  belongs_to(:author)
end

class Car < ApplicationRecord
  # model is ready to have its association required by default

  self.belongs_to_required_by_default = true
  belongs_to(:pilot)
end
```

#### Per-form CSRF Tokens

Rails 5 now supports per-form CSRF tokens to mitigate against code-injection attacks with forms
created by JavaScript. With this option turned on, forms in your application will each have their
own CSRF token that is specific to the action and method for that form.

```ruby
config.action_controller.per_form_csrf_tokens = true
```

#### Forgery Protection with Origin Check

You can now configure your application to check if the HTTP `Origin` header should be checked
against the site's origin as an additional CSRF defense. Set the following in your config to
true:

```ruby
config.action_controller.forgery_protection_origin_check = true
```

#### Allow Configuration of Action Mailer Queue Name

The default mailer queue name is `mailers`. This configuration option allows you to globally change
the queue name. Set the following in your config:

```ruby
config.action_mailer.deliver_later_queue_name = :new_queue_name
```

#### Support Fragment Caching in Action Mailer Views

Set `config.action_mailer.perform_caching` in your config to determine whether your Action Mailer views
should support caching.

```ruby
config.action_mailer.perform_caching = true
```

#### Configure the Output of `db:structure:dump`

If you're using `schema_search_path` or other PostgreSQL extensions, you can control how the schema is
dumped. Set to `:all` to generate all dumps, or to `:schema_search_path` to generate from schema search path.

```ruby
config.active_record.dump_schemas = :all
```

#### Configure SSL Options to Enable HSTS with Subdomains

Set the following in your config to enable HSTS when using subdomains:

```ruby
config.ssl_options = { hsts: { subdomains: true } }
```

#### Preserve Timezone of the Receiver

When using Ruby 2.4, you can preserve the timezone of the receiver when calling `to_time`.

```ruby
ActiveSupport.to_time_preserves_timezone = false
```

### Changes with JSON/JSONB serialization

In Rails 5.0, how JSON/JSONB attributes are serialized and deserialized changed. Now, if
you set a column equal to a `String`, Active Record will no longer turn that string
into a `Hash`, and will instead only return the string. This is not limited to code
interacting with models, but also affects `:default` column settings in `db/schema.rb`.
It is recommended that you do not set columns equal to a `String`, but pass a `Hash`
instead, which will be converted to and from a JSON string automatically.

Upgrading from Rails 4.1 to Rails 4.2
-------------------------------------

### Web Console

First, add `gem 'web-console', '~> 2.0'` to the `:development` group in your `Gemfile` and run `bundle install` (it won't have been included when you upgraded Rails). Once it's been installed, you can simply drop a reference to the console helper (i.e., `<%= console %>`) into any view you want to enable it for. A console will also be provided on any error page you view in your development environment.

### Responders

`respond_with` and the class-level `respond_to` methods have been extracted to the `responders` gem. To use them, simply add `gem 'responders', '~> 2.0'` to your `Gemfile`. Calls to `respond_with` and `respond_to` (again, at the class level) will no longer work without having included the `responders` gem in your dependencies:

```ruby
# app/controllers/users_controller.rb

class UsersController < ApplicationController
  respond_to :html, :json

  def show
    @user = User.find(params[:id])
    respond_with @user
  end
end
```

Instance-level `respond_to` is unaffected and does not require the additional gem:

```ruby
# app/controllers/users_controller.rb

class UsersController < ApplicationController
  def show
    @user = User.find(params[:id])
    respond_to do |format|
      format.html
      format.json { render json: @user }
    end
  end
end
```

See [#16526](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16526) for more details.

### Error handling in transaction callbacks

Currently, Active Record suppresses errors raised
within `after_rollback` or `after_commit` callbacks and only prints them to
the logs. In the next version, these errors will no longer be suppressed.
Instead, the errors will propagate normally just like in other Active
Record callbacks.

When you define an `after_rollback` or `after_commit` callback, you
will receive a deprecation warning about this upcoming change. When
you are ready, you can opt into the new behavior and remove the
deprecation warning by adding following configuration to your
`config/application.rb`:

```ruby
config.active_record.raise_in_transactional_callbacks = true
```

See [#14488](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/14488) and
[#16537](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/16537) for more details.

### Ordering of test cases

In Rails 5.0, test cases will be executed in random order by default. In
anticipation of this change, Rails 4.2 introduced a new configuration option
`active_support.test_order` for explicitly specifying the test ordering. This
allows you to either lock down the current behavior by setting the option to
`:sorted`, or opt into the future behavior by setting the option to `:random`.

If you do not specify a value for this option, a deprecation warning will be
emitted. To avoid this, add the following line to your test environment:

```ruby
# config/environments/test.rb
Rails.application.configure do
  config.active_support.test_order = :sorted # or `:random` if you prefer
end
```

### Serialized attributes

When using a custom coder (e.g. `serialize :metadata, JSON`),
assigning `nil` to a serialized attribute will save it to the database
as `NULL` instead of passing the `nil` value through the coder (e.g. `"null"`
when using the `JSON` coder).

### Production log level

In Rails 5, the default log level for the production environment will be changed
to `:debug` (from `:info`). To preserve the current default, add the following
line to your `production.rb`:

```ruby
# Set to `:info` to match the current default, or set to `:debug` to opt-into
# the future default.
config.log_level = :info
```

### `after_bundle` in Rails templates

If you have a Rails template that adds all the files in version control, it
fails to add the generated binstubs because it gets executed before Bundler:

```ruby
# template.rb
generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
route "root to: 'people#index'"
rake("db:migrate")

git :init
git add: "."
git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
```

You can now wrap the `git` calls in an `after_bundle` block. It will be run
after the binstubs have been generated.

```ruby
# template.rb
generate(:scaffold, "person name:string")
route "root to: 'people#index'"
rake("db:migrate")

after_bundle do
  git :init
  git add: "."
  git commit: %Q{ -m 'Initial commit' }
end
```

### Rails HTML Sanitizer

There's a new choice for sanitizing HTML fragments in your applications. The
venerable html-scanner approach is now officially being deprecated in favor of
[`Rails HTML Sanitizer`](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer).

This means the methods `sanitize`, `sanitize_css`, `strip_tags` and
`strip_links` are backed by a new implementation.

This new sanitizer uses [Loofah](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah) internally. Loofah in turn uses Nokogiri, which
wraps XML parsers written in both C and Java, so sanitization should be faster
no matter which Ruby version you run.

The new version updates `sanitize`, so it can take a `Loofah::Scrubber` for
powerful scrubbing.
[See some examples of scrubbers here](https://github.com/flavorjones/loofah#loofahscrubber).

Two new scrubbers have also been added: `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber`.
Read the [gem's readme](https://github.com/rails/rails-html-sanitizer) for more information.

The documentation for `PermitScrubber` and `TargetScrubber` explains how you
can gain complete control over when and how elements should be stripped.

If your application needs to use the old sanitizer implementation, include `rails-deprecated_sanitizer` in your `Gemfile`:

```ruby
gem 'rails-deprecated_sanitizer'
```

### Rails DOM Testing

The [`TagAssertions` module](https://api.rubyonrails.org/v4.1/classes/ActionDispatch/Assertions/TagAssertions.html) (containing methods such as `assert_tag`), [has been deprecated](https://github.com/rails/rails/blob/6061472b8c310158a2a2e8e9a6b81a1aef6b60fe/actionpack/lib/action_dispatch/testing/assertions/dom.rb) in favor of the `assert_select` methods from the `SelectorAssertions` module, which has been extracted into the [rails-dom-testing gem](https://github.com/rails/rails-dom-testing).

### Masked Authenticity Tokens

In order to mitigate SSL attacks, `form_authenticity_token` is now masked so that it varies with each request.  Thus, tokens are validated by unmasking and then decrypting.  As a result, any strategies for verifying requests from non-rails forms that relied on a static session CSRF token have to take this into account.

### Action Mailer

Previously, calling a mailer method on a mailer class will result in the
corresponding instance method being executed directly. With the introduction of
Active Job and `#deliver_later`, this is no longer true. In Rails 4.2, the
invocation of the instance methods are deferred until either `deliver_now` or
`deliver_later` is called. For example:

```ruby
class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  def notify(user, ...)
    puts "Called"
    mail(to: user.email, ...)
  end
end
```

```ruby
mail = Notifier.notify(user, ...) # Notifier#notify is not yet called at this point
mail = mail.deliver_now           # Prints "Called"
```

This should not result in any noticeable differences for most applications.
However, if you need some non-mailer methods to be executed synchronously, and
you were previously relying on the synchronous proxying behavior, you should
define them as class methods on the mailer class directly:

```ruby
class Notifier < ActionMailer::Base
  def self.broadcast_notifications(users, ...)
    users.each { |user| Notifier.notify(user, ...) }
  end
end
```

### Foreign Key Support

The migration DSL has been expanded to support foreign key definitions. If
you've been using the Foreigner gem, you might want to consider removing it.
Note that the foreign key support of Rails is a subset of Foreigner. This means
that not every Foreigner definition can be fully replaced by its Rails
migration DSL counterpart.

The migration procedure is as follows:

1. remove `gem "foreigner"` from the `Gemfile`.
2. run `bundle install`.
3. run `bin/rake db:schema:dump`.
4. make sure that `db/schema.rb` contains every foreign key definition with
the necessary options.

Upgrading from Rails 4.0 to Rails 4.1
-------------------------------------

### CSRF protection from remote `<script>` tags

Or, "whaaat my tests are failing!!!?" or "my `<script>` widget is busted!!"

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) protection now covers GET requests with
JavaScript responses, too. This prevents a third-party site from remotely
referencing your JavaScript with a `<script>` tag to extract sensitive data.

This means that your functional and integration tests that use

```ruby
get :index, format: :js
```

will now trigger CSRF protection. Switch to

```ruby
xhr :get, :index, format: :js
```

to explicitly test an `XmlHttpRequest`.

NOTE: Your own `<script>` tags are treated as cross-origin and blocked by
default, too. If you really mean to load JavaScript from `<script>` tags,
you must now explicitly skip CSRF protection on those actions.

### Spring

If you want to use Spring as your application preloader you need to:

1. Add `gem 'spring', group: :development` to your `Gemfile`.
2. Install spring using `bundle install`.
3. Generate the Spring binstub with `bundle exec spring binstub`.

NOTE: User defined rake tasks will run in the `development` environment by
default. If you want them to run in other environments consult the
[Spring README](https://github.com/rails/spring#rake).

### `config/secrets.yml`

If you want to use the new `secrets.yml` convention to store your application's
secrets, you need to:

1. Create a `secrets.yml` file in your `config` folder with the following content:

    ```yaml
    development:
      secret_key_base:

    test:
      secret_key_base:

    production:
      secret_key_base: <%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>
    ```

2. Use your existing `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to
   set the `SECRET_KEY_BASE` environment variable for whichever users running the
   Rails application in production. Alternatively, you can simply copy the existing
   `secret_key_base` from the `secret_token.rb` initializer to `secrets.yml`
   under the `production` section, replacing `<%= ENV["SECRET_KEY_BASE"] %>`.

3. Remove the `secret_token.rb` initializer.

4. Use `rake secret` to generate new keys for the `development` and `test` sections.

5. Restart your server.

### Changes to test helper

If your test helper contains a call to
`ActiveRecord::Migration.check_pending!` this can be removed. The check
is now done automatically when you `require "rails/test_help"`, although
leaving this line in your helper is not harmful in any way.

### Cookies serializer

Applications created before Rails 4.1 uses `Marshal` to serialize cookie values into
the signed and encrypted cookie jars. If you want to use the new `JSON`-based format
in your application, you can add an initializer file with the following content:

```ruby
Rails.application.config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :hybrid
```

This would transparently migrate your existing `Marshal`-serialized cookies into the
new `JSON`-based format.

When using the `:json` or `:hybrid` serializer, you should beware that not all
Ruby objects can be serialized as JSON. For example, `Date` and `Time` objects
will be serialized as strings, and `Hash`es will have their keys stringified.

```ruby
class CookiesController < ApplicationController
  def set_cookie
    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] = Date.tomorrow # => Thu, 20 Mar 2014
    redirect_to action: 'read_cookie'
  end

  def read_cookie
    cookies.encrypted[:expiration_date] # => "2014-03-20"
  end
end
```

It's advisable that you only store simple data (strings and numbers) in cookies.
If you have to store complex objects, you would need to handle the conversion
manually when reading the values on subsequent requests.

If you use the cookie session store, this would apply to the `session` and
`flash` hash as well.

### Flash structure changes

Flash message keys are
[normalized to strings](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/a668beffd64106a1e1fedb71cc25eaaa11baf0c1). They
can still be accessed using either symbols or strings. Looping through the flash
will always yield string keys:

```ruby
flash["string"] = "a string"
flash[:symbol] = "a symbol"

# Rails < 4.1
flash.keys # => ["string", :symbol]

# Rails >= 4.1
flash.keys # => ["string", "symbol"]
```

Make sure you are comparing Flash message keys against strings.

### Changes in JSON handling

There are a few major changes related to JSON handling in Rails 4.1.

#### MultiJSON removal

MultiJSON has reached its [end-of-life](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/10576)
and has been removed from Rails.

If your application currently depends on MultiJSON directly, you have a few options:

1. Add 'multi_json' to your `Gemfile`. Note that this might cease to work in the future

2. Migrate away from MultiJSON by using `obj.to_json`, and `JSON.parse(str)` instead.

WARNING: Do not simply replace `MultiJson.dump` and `MultiJson.load` with
`JSON.dump` and `JSON.load`. These JSON gem APIs are meant for serializing and
deserializing arbitrary Ruby objects and are generally [unsafe](https://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.2.2/libdoc/json/rdoc/JSON.html#method-i-load).

#### JSON gem compatibility

Historically, Rails had some compatibility issues with the JSON gem. Using
`JSON.generate` and `JSON.dump` inside a Rails application could produce
unexpected errors.

Rails 4.1 fixed these issues by isolating its own encoder from the JSON gem. The
JSON gem APIs will function as normal, but they will not have access to any
Rails-specific features. For example:

```ruby
class FooBar
  def as_json(options = nil)
    { foo: 'bar' }
  end
end
```

```irb
irb> FooBar.new.to_json
=> "{\"foo\":\"bar\"}"
irb> JSON.generate(FooBar.new, quirks_mode: true)
=> "\"#<FooBar:0x007fa80a481610>\""
```

#### New JSON encoder

The JSON encoder in Rails 4.1 has been rewritten to take advantage of the JSON
gem. For most applications, this should be a transparent change. However, as
part of the rewrite, the following features have been removed from the encoder:

1. Circular data structure detection
2. Support for the `encode_json` hook
3. Option to encode `BigDecimal` objects as numbers instead of strings

If your application depends on one of these features, you can get them back by
adding the [`activesupport-json_encoder`](https://github.com/rails/activesupport-json_encoder)
gem to your `Gemfile`.

#### JSON representation of Time objects

`#as_json` for objects with time component (`Time`, `DateTime`, `ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone`)
now returns millisecond precision by default. If you need to keep old behavior with no millisecond
precision, set the following in an initializer:

```ruby
ActiveSupport::JSON::Encoding.time_precision = 0
```

### Usage of `return` within inline callback blocks

Previously, Rails allowed inline callback blocks to use `return` this way:

```ruby
class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save { return false } # BAD
end
```

This behavior was never intentionally supported. Due to a change in the internals
of `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`, this is no longer allowed in Rails 4.1. Using a
`return` statement in an inline callback block causes a `LocalJumpError` to
be raised when the callback is executed.

Inline callback blocks using `return` can be refactored to evaluate to the
returned value:

```ruby
class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save { false } # GOOD
end
```

Alternatively, if `return` is preferred it is recommended to explicitly define
a method:

```ruby
class ReadOnlyModel < ActiveRecord::Base
  before_save :before_save_callback # GOOD

  private
    def before_save_callback
      return false
    end
end
```

This change applies to most places in Rails where callbacks are used, including
Active Record and Active Model callbacks, as well as filters in Action
Controller (e.g. `before_action`).

See [this pull request](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/13271) for more
details.

### Methods defined in Active Record fixtures

Rails 4.1 evaluates each fixture's ERB in a separate context, so helper methods
defined in a fixture will not be available in other fixtures.

Helper methods that are used in multiple fixtures should be defined on modules
included in the newly introduced `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class`, in
`test_helper.rb`.

```ruby
module FixtureFileHelpers
  def file_sha(path)
    Digest::SHA2.hexdigest(File.read(Rails.root.join('test/fixtures', path)))
  end
end

ActiveRecord::FixtureSet.context_class.include FixtureFileHelpers
```

### I18n enforcing available locales

Rails 4.1 now defaults the I18n option `enforce_available_locales` to `true`. This
means that it will make sure that all locales passed to it must be declared in
the `available_locales` list.

To disable it (and allow I18n to accept *any* locale option) add the following
configuration to your application:

```ruby
config.i18n.enforce_available_locales = false
```

Note that this option was added as a security measure, to ensure user input
cannot be used as locale information unless it is previously known. Therefore,
it's recommended not to disable this option unless you have a strong reason for
doing so.

### Mutator methods called on Relation

`Relation` no longer has mutator methods like `#map!` and `#delete_if`. Convert
to an `Array` by calling `#to_a` before using these methods.

It intends to prevent odd bugs and confusion in code that call mutator
methods directly on the `Relation`.

```ruby
# Instead of this
Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').compact!

# Now you have to do this
authors = Author.where(name: 'Hank Moody').to_a
authors.compact!
```

### Changes on Default Scopes

Default scopes are no longer overridden by chained conditions.

In previous versions when you defined a `default_scope` in a model
it was overridden by chained conditions in the same field. Now it
is merged like any other scope.

Before:

```ruby
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
end

User.all
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'

User.active
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'

User.where(state: 'inactive')
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
```

After:

```ruby
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
  scope :active, -> { where state: 'active' }
  scope :inactive, -> { where state: 'inactive' }
end

User.all
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'

User.active
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'active'

User.where(state: 'inactive')
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending' AND "users"."state" = 'inactive'
```

To get the previous behavior it is needed to explicitly remove the
`default_scope` condition using `unscoped`, `unscope`, `rewhere` or
`except`.

```ruby
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  default_scope { where state: 'pending' }
  scope :active, -> { unscope(where: :state).where(state: 'active') }
  scope :inactive, -> { rewhere state: 'inactive' }
end

User.all
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'pending'

User.active
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'active'

User.inactive
# SELECT "users".* FROM "users" WHERE "users"."state" = 'inactive'
```

### Rendering content from string

Rails 4.1 introduces `:plain`, `:html`, and `:body` options to `render`. Those
options are now the preferred way to render string-based content, as it allows
you to specify which content type you want the response sent as.

* `render :plain` will set the content type to `text/plain`
* `render :html` will set the content type to `text/html`
* `render :body` will *not* set the content type header.

From the security standpoint, if you don't expect to have any markup in your
response body, you should be using `render :plain` as most browsers will escape
unsafe content in the response for you.

We will be deprecating the use of `render :text` in a future version. So please
start using the more precise `:plain`, `:html`, and `:body` options instead.
Using `render :text` may pose a security risk, as the content is sent as
`text/html`.

### PostgreSQL json and hstore datatypes

Rails 4.1 will map `json` and `hstore` columns to a string-keyed Ruby `Hash`.
In earlier versions, a `HashWithIndifferentAccess` was used. This means that
symbol access is no longer supported. This is also the case for
`store_accessors` based on top of `json` or `hstore` columns. Make sure to use
string keys consistently.

### Explicit block use for `ActiveSupport::Callbacks`

Rails 4.1 now expects an explicit block to be passed when calling
`ActiveSupport::Callbacks.set_callback`. This change stems from
`ActiveSupport::Callbacks` being largely rewritten for the 4.1 release.

```ruby
# Previously in Rails 4.0
set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, &block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }

# Now in Rails 4.1
set_callback :save, :around, ->(r, block) { stuff; result = block.call; stuff }
```

Upgrading from Rails 3.2 to Rails 4.0
-------------------------------------

If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.2.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.2 before attempting one to Rails 4.0.

The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 4.0.

### HTTP PATCH

Rails 4 now uses `PATCH` as the primary HTTP verb for updates when a RESTful
resource is declared in `config/routes.rb`. The `update` action is still used,
and `PUT` requests will continue to be routed to the `update` action as well.
So, if you're using only the standard RESTful routes, no changes need to be made:

```ruby
resources :users
```

```erb
<%= form_for @user do |f| %>
```

```ruby
class UsersController < ApplicationController
  def update
    # No change needed; PATCH will be preferred, and PUT will still work.
  end
end
```

However, you will need to make a change if you are using `form_for` to update
a resource in conjunction with a custom route using the `PUT` HTTP method:

```ruby
resources :users do
  put :update_name, on: :member
end
```

```erb
<%= form_for [ :update_name, @user ] do |f| %>
```

```ruby
class UsersController < ApplicationController
  def update_name
    # Change needed; form_for will try to use a non-existent PATCH route.
  end
end
```

If the action is not being used in a public API and you are free to change the
HTTP method, you can update your route to use `patch` instead of `put`:

```ruby
resources :users do
  patch :update_name, on: :member
end
```

`PUT` requests to `/users/:id` in Rails 4 get routed to `update` as they are
today. So, if you have an API that gets real PUT requests it is going to work.
The router also routes `PATCH` requests to `/users/:id` to the `update` action.

If the action is being used in a public API and you can't change to HTTP method
being used, you can update your form to use the `PUT` method instead:

```erb
<%= form_for [ :update_name, @user ], method: :put do |f| %>
```

For more on PATCH and why this change was made, see [this post](https://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2012/2/26/edge-rails-patch-is-the-new-primary-http-method-for-updates/)
on the Rails blog.

#### A note about media types

The errata for the `PATCH` verb [specifies that a 'diff' media type should be
used with `PATCH`](http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=5789). One
such format is [JSON Patch](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6902). While Rails
does not support JSON Patch natively, it's easy enough to add support:

```ruby
# in your controller:
def update
  respond_to do |format|
    format.json do
      # perform a partial update
      @article.update params[:article]
    end

    format.json_patch do
      # perform sophisticated change
    end
  end
end
```

```ruby
# config/initializers/json_patch.rb
Mime::Type.register 'application/json-patch+json', :json_patch
```

As JSON Patch was only recently made into an RFC, there aren't a lot of great
Ruby libraries yet. Aaron Patterson's
[hana](https://github.com/tenderlove/hana) is one such gem, but doesn't have
full support for the last few changes in the specification.

### Gemfile

Rails 4.0 removed the `assets` group from `Gemfile`. You'd need to remove that
line from your `Gemfile` when upgrading. You should also update your application
file (in `config/application.rb`):

```ruby
# Require the gems listed in Gemfile, including any gems
# you've limited to :test, :development, or :production.
Bundler.require(*Rails.groups)
```

### vendor/plugins

Rails 4.0 no longer supports loading plugins from `vendor/plugins`. You must replace any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your `Gemfile`. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`.

### Active Record

* Rails 4.0 has removed the identity map from Active Record, due to [some inconsistencies with associations](https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/302c912bf6bcd0fa200d964ec2dc4a44abe328a6). If you have manually enabled it in your application, you will have to remove the following config that has no effect anymore: `config.active_record.identity_map`.

* The `delete` method in collection associations can now receive `Integer` or `String` arguments as record ids, besides records, pretty much like the `destroy` method does. Previously it raised `ActiveRecord::AssociationTypeMismatch` for such arguments. From Rails 4.0 on `delete` automatically tries to find the records matching the given ids before deleting them.

* In Rails 4.0 when a column or a table is renamed the related indexes are also renamed. If you have migrations which rename the indexes, they are no longer needed.

* Rails 4.0 has changed `serialized_attributes` and `attr_readonly` to class methods only. You shouldn't use instance methods since it's now deprecated. You should change them to use class methods, e.g. `self.serialized_attributes` to `self.class.serialized_attributes`.

* When using the default coder, assigning `nil` to a serialized attribute will save it
to the database as `NULL` instead of passing the `nil` value through YAML (`"--- \n...\n"`).

* Rails 4.0 has removed `attr_accessible` and `attr_protected` feature in favor of Strong Parameters. You can use the [Protected Attributes gem](https://github.com/rails/protected_attributes) for a smooth upgrade path.

* If you are not using Protected Attributes, you can remove any options related to
this gem such as `whitelist_attributes` or `mass_assignment_sanitizer` options.

* Rails 4.0 requires that scopes use a callable object such as a Proc or lambda:

    ```ruby
      scope :active, where(active: true)

      # becomes
      scope :active, -> { where active: true }
    ```

* Rails 4.0 has deprecated `ActiveRecord::Fixtures` in favor of `ActiveRecord::FixtureSet`.

* Rails 4.0 has deprecated `ActiveRecord::TestCase` in favor of `ActiveSupport::TestCase`.

* Rails 4.0 has deprecated the old-style hash based finder API. This means that
  methods which previously accepted "finder options" no longer do.  For example, `Book.find(:all, conditions: { name: '1984' })` has been deprecated in favor of `Book.where(name: '1984')`

* All dynamic methods except for `find_by_...` and `find_by_...!` are deprecated.
  Here's how you can handle the changes:

      * `find_all_by_...`           becomes `where(...)`.
      * `find_last_by_...`          becomes `where(...).last`.
      * `scoped_by_...`             becomes `where(...)`.
      * `find_or_initialize_by_...` becomes `find_or_initialize_by(...)`.
      * `find_or_create_by_...`     becomes `find_or_create_by(...)`.

* Note that `where(...)` returns a relation, not an array like the old finders. If you require an `Array`, use `where(...).to_a`.

* These equivalent methods may not execute the same SQL as the previous implementation.

* To re-enable the old finders, you can use the [activerecord-deprecated_finders gem](https://github.com/rails/activerecord-deprecated_finders).

* Rails 4.0 has changed to default join table for `has_and_belongs_to_many` relations to strip the common prefix off the second table name. Any existing `has_and_belongs_to_many` relationship between models with a common prefix must be specified with the `join_table` option. For example:

    ```ruby
    CatalogCategory < ActiveRecord::Base
      has_and_belongs_to_many :catalog_products, join_table: 'catalog_categories_catalog_products'
    end

    CatalogProduct < ActiveRecord::Base
      has_and_belongs_to_many :catalog_categories, join_table: 'catalog_categories_catalog_products'
    end
    ```

* Note that the prefix takes scopes into account as well, so relations between `Catalog::Category` and `Catalog::Product` or `Catalog::Category` and `CatalogProduct` need to be updated similarly.

### Active Resource

Rails 4.0 extracted Active Resource to its own gem. If you still need the feature you can add the [Active Resource gem](https://github.com/rails/activeresource) in your `Gemfile`.

### Active Model

* Rails 4.0 has changed how errors attach with the `ActiveModel::Validations::ConfirmationValidator`. Now when confirmation validations fail, the error will be attached to `:#{attribute}_confirmation` instead of `attribute`.

* Rails 4.0 has changed `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON.include_root_in_json` default value to `false`. Now, Active Model Serializers and Active Record objects have the same default behavior. This means that you can comment or remove the following option in the `config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb` file:

    ```ruby
    # Disable root element in JSON by default.
    # ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
    #   self.include_root_in_json = false
    # end
    ```

### Action Pack

*   Rails 4.0 introduces `ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator` and uses this as a base from which to generate and verify signed cookies (among other things). Existing signed cookies generated with Rails 3.x will be transparently upgraded if you leave your existing `secret_token` in place and add the new `secret_key_base`.

    ```ruby
      # config/initializers/secret_token.rb
      Myapp::Application.config.secret_token = 'existing secret token'
      Myapp::Application.config.secret_key_base = 'new secret key base'
    ```

    Please note that you should wait to set `secret_key_base` until you have 100% of your userbase on Rails 4.x and are reasonably sure you will not need to rollback to Rails 3.x. This is because cookies signed based on the new `secret_key_base` in Rails 4.x are not backwards compatible with Rails 3.x. You are free to leave your existing `secret_token` in place, not set the new `secret_key_base`, and ignore the deprecation warnings until you are reasonably sure that your upgrade is otherwise complete.

    If you are relying on the ability for external applications or JavaScript to be able to read your Rails app's signed session cookies (or signed cookies in general) you should not set `secret_key_base` until you have decoupled these concerns.

*   Rails 4.0 encrypts the contents of cookie-based sessions if `secret_key_base` has been set. Rails 3.x signed, but did not encrypt, the contents of cookie-based session. Signed cookies are "secure" in that they are verified to have been generated by your app and are tamper-proof. However, the contents can be viewed by end users, and encrypting the contents eliminates this caveat/concern without a significant performance penalty.

    Please read [Pull Request #9978](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/9978) for details on the move to encrypted session cookies.

* Rails 4.0 removed the `ActionController::Base.asset_path` option. Use the assets pipeline feature.

* Rails 4.0 has deprecated `ActionController::Base.page_cache_extension` option. Use `ActionController::Base.default_static_extension` instead.

* Rails 4.0 has removed Action and Page caching from Action Pack. You will need to add the `actionpack-action_caching` gem in order to use `caches_action` and the `actionpack-page_caching` to use `caches_page` in your controllers.

* Rails 4.0 has removed the XML parameters parser. You will need to add the `actionpack-xml_parser` gem if you require this feature.

* Rails 4.0 changes the default `layout` lookup set using symbols or procs that return nil. To get the "no layout" behavior, return false instead of nil.

* Rails 4.0 changes the default memcached client from `memcache-client` to `dalli`. To upgrade, simply add `gem 'dalli'` to your `Gemfile`.

* Rails 4.0 deprecates the `dom_id` and `dom_class` methods in controllers (they are fine in views). You will need to include the `ActionView::RecordIdentifier` module in controllers requiring this feature.

* Rails 4.0 deprecates the `:confirm` option for the `link_to` helper. You should
instead rely on a data attribute (e.g. `data: { confirm: 'Are you sure?' }`).
This deprecation also concerns the helpers based on this one (such as `link_to_if`
or `link_to_unless`).

* Rails 4.0 changed how `assert_generates`, `assert_recognizes`, and `assert_routing` work. Now all these assertions raise `Assertion` instead of `ActionController::RoutingError`.

*   Rails 4.0 raises an `ArgumentError` if clashing named routes are defined. This can be triggered by explicitly defined named routes or by the `resources` method. Here are two examples that clash with routes named `example_path`:

    ```ruby
    get 'one' => 'test#example', as: :example
    get 'two' => 'test#example', as: :example
    ```

    ```ruby
    resources :examples
    get 'clashing/:id' => 'test#example', as: :example
    ```

    In the first case, you can simply avoid using the same name for multiple
    routes. In the second, you can use the `only` or `except` options provided by
    the `resources` method to restrict the routes created as detailed in the
    [Routing Guide](routing.html#restricting-the-routes-created).

*   Rails 4.0 also changed the way unicode character routes are drawn. Now you can draw unicode character routes directly. If you already draw such routes, you must change them, for example:

    ```ruby
    get Rack::Utils.escape('こんにちは'), controller: 'welcome', action: 'index'
    ```

    becomes

    ```ruby
    get 'こんにちは', controller: 'welcome', action: 'index'
    ```

*   Rails 4.0 requires that routes using `match` must specify the request method. For example:

    ```ruby
      # Rails 3.x
      match '/' => 'root#index'

      # becomes
      match '/' => 'root#index', via: :get

      # or
      get '/' => 'root#index'
    ```

*   Rails 4.0 has removed `ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport` middleware, `<!DOCTYPE html>` already triggers standards mode per https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj676915(v=vs.85).aspx and ChromeFrame header has been moved to `config.action_dispatch.default_headers`.

    Remember you must also remove any references to the middleware from your application code, for example:

    ```ruby
    # Raise exception
    config.middleware.insert_before(Rack::Lock, ActionDispatch::BestStandardsSupport)
    ```

    Also check your environment settings for `config.action_dispatch.best_standards_support` and remove it if present.

*   Rails 4.0 allows configuration of HTTP headers by setting `config.action_dispatch.default_headers`. The defaults are as follows:

    ```ruby
      config.action_dispatch.default_headers = {
        'X-Frame-Options' => 'SAMEORIGIN',
        'X-XSS-Protection' => '1; mode=block'
      }
    ```

    Please note that if your application is dependent on loading certain pages in a `<frame>` or `<iframe>`, then you may need to explicitly set `X-Frame-Options` to `ALLOW-FROM ...` or `ALLOWALL`.

* In Rails 4.0, precompiling assets no longer automatically copies non-JS/CSS assets from `vendor/assets` and `lib/assets`. Rails application and engine developers should put these assets in `app/assets` or configure `config.assets.precompile`.

* In Rails 4.0, `ActionController::UnknownFormat` is raised when the action doesn't handle the request format. By default, the exception is handled by responding with 406 Not Acceptable, but you can override that now. In Rails 3, 406 Not Acceptable was always returned. No overrides.

* In Rails 4.0, a generic `ActionDispatch::ParamsParser::ParseError` exception is raised when `ParamsParser` fails to parse request params. You will want to rescue this exception instead of the low-level `MultiJson::DecodeError`, for example.

* In Rails 4.0, `SCRIPT_NAME` is properly nested when engines are mounted on an app that's served from a URL prefix. You no longer have to set `default_url_options[:script_name]` to work around overwritten URL prefixes.

* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::Integration` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Integration`.
* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::IntegrationTest` in favor of `ActionDispatch::IntegrationTest`.
* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::PerformanceTest` in favor of `ActionDispatch::PerformanceTest`.
* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::AbstractRequest` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Request`.
* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::Request` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Request`.
* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::AbstractResponse` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Response`.
* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::Response` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Response`.
* Rails 4.0 deprecated `ActionController::Routing` in favor of `ActionDispatch::Routing`.

### Active Support

Rails 4.0 removes the `j` alias for `ERB::Util#json_escape` since `j` is already used for `ActionView::Helpers::JavaScriptHelper#escape_javascript`.

#### Cache

The caching method changed between Rails 3.x and 4.0. You should [change the cache namespace](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/caching_with_rails.html#activesupport-cache-store) and roll out with a cold cache.

### Helpers Loading Order

The order in which helpers from more than one directory are loaded has changed in Rails 4.0. Previously, they were gathered and then sorted alphabetically. After upgrading to Rails 4.0, helpers will preserve the order of loaded directories and will be sorted alphabetically only within each directory. Unless you explicitly use the `helpers_path` parameter, this change will only impact the way of loading helpers from engines. If you rely on the ordering, you should check if correct methods are available after upgrade. If you would like to change the order in which engines are loaded, you can use `config.railties_order=` method.

### Active Record Observer and Action Controller Sweeper

`ActiveRecord::Observer` and `ActionController::Caching::Sweeper` have been extracted to the `rails-observers` gem. You will need to add the `rails-observers` gem if you require these features.

### sprockets-rails

* `assets:precompile:primary` and `assets:precompile:all` have been removed. Use `assets:precompile` instead.
* The `config.assets.compress` option should be changed to `config.assets.js_compressor` like so for instance:

    ```ruby
    config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
    ```

### sass-rails

* `asset-url` with two arguments is deprecated. For example: `asset-url("rails.png", image)` becomes `asset-url("rails.png")`.

Upgrading from Rails 3.1 to Rails 3.2
-------------------------------------

If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.1.x, you
should upgrade to Rails 3.1 before attempting an update to Rails 3.2.

The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to the latest
3.2.x version of Rails.

### Gemfile

Make the following changes to your `Gemfile`.

```ruby
gem 'rails', '3.2.21'

group :assets do
  gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 3.2.6'
  gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 3.2.2'
  gem 'uglifier',     '>= 1.0.3'
end
```

### config/environments/development.rb

There are a couple of new configuration settings that you should add to your development environment:

```ruby
# Raise exception on mass assignment protection for Active Record models
config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :strict

# Log the query plan for queries taking more than this (works
# with SQLite, MySQL, and PostgreSQL)
config.active_record.auto_explain_threshold_in_seconds = 0.5
```

### config/environments/test.rb

The `mass_assignment_sanitizer` configuration setting should also be added to `config/environments/test.rb`:

```ruby
# Raise exception on mass assignment protection for Active Record models
config.active_record.mass_assignment_sanitizer = :strict
```

### vendor/plugins

Rails 3.2 deprecates `vendor/plugins` and Rails 4.0 will remove them completely. While it's not strictly necessary as part of a Rails 3.2 upgrade, you can start replacing any plugins by extracting them to gems and adding them to your `Gemfile`. If you choose not to make them gems, you can move them into, say, `lib/my_plugin/*` and add an appropriate initializer in `config/initializers/my_plugin.rb`.

### Active Record

Option `:dependent => :restrict` has been removed from `belongs_to`. If you want to prevent deleting the object if there are any associated objects, you can set `:dependent => :destroy` and return `false` after checking for existence of association from any of the associated object's destroy callbacks.

Upgrading from Rails 3.0 to Rails 3.1
-------------------------------------

If your application is currently on any version of Rails older than 3.0.x, you should upgrade to Rails 3.0 before attempting an update to Rails 3.1.

The following changes are meant for upgrading your application to Rails 3.1.12, the last 3.1.x version of Rails.

### Gemfile

Make the following changes to your `Gemfile`.

```ruby
gem 'rails', '3.1.12'
gem 'mysql2'

# Needed for the new asset pipeline
group :assets do
  gem 'sass-rails',   '~> 3.1.7'
  gem 'coffee-rails', '~> 3.1.1'
  gem 'uglifier',     '>= 1.0.3'
end

# jQuery is the default JavaScript library in Rails 3.1
gem 'jquery-rails'
```

### config/application.rb

The asset pipeline requires the following additions:

```ruby
config.assets.enabled = true
config.assets.version = '1.0'
```

If your application is using an "/assets" route for a resource you may want to change the prefix used for assets to avoid conflicts:

```ruby
# Defaults to '/assets'
config.assets.prefix = '/asset-files'
```

### config/environments/development.rb

Remove the RJS setting `config.action_view.debug_rjs = true`.

Add these settings if you enable the asset pipeline:

```ruby
# Do not compress assets
config.assets.compress = false

# Expands the lines which load the assets
config.assets.debug = true
```

### config/environments/production.rb

Again, most of the changes below are for the asset pipeline. You can read more about these in the [Asset Pipeline](asset_pipeline.html) guide.

```ruby
# Compress JavaScripts and CSS
config.assets.compress = true

# Don't fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed
config.assets.compile = false

# Generate digests for assets URLs
config.assets.digest = true

# Defaults to Rails.root.join("public/assets")
# config.assets.manifest = YOUR_PATH

# Precompile additional assets (application.js, application.css, and all non-JS/CSS are already added)
# config.assets.precompile += %w( admin.js admin.css )

# Force all access to the app over SSL, use Strict-Transport-Security, and use secure cookies.
# config.force_ssl = true
```

### config/environments/test.rb

You can help test performance with these additions to your test environment:

```ruby
# Configure static asset server for tests with Cache-Control for performance
config.public_file_server.enabled = true
config.public_file_server.headers = {
  'Cache-Control' => 'public, max-age=3600'
}
```

### config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb

Add this file with the following contents, if you wish to wrap parameters into a nested hash. This is on by default in new applications.

```ruby
# Be sure to restart your server when you modify this file.
# This file contains settings for ActionController::ParamsWrapper which
# is enabled by default.

# Enable parameter wrapping for JSON. You can disable this by setting :format to an empty array.
ActiveSupport.on_load(:action_controller) do
  wrap_parameters format: [:json]
end

# Disable root element in JSON by default.
ActiveSupport.on_load(:active_record) do
  self.include_root_in_json = false
end
```

### config/initializers/session_store.rb

You need to change your session key to something new, or remove all sessions:

```ruby
# in config/initializers/session_store.rb
AppName::Application.config.session_store :cookie_store, key: 'SOMETHINGNEW'
```

or

```bash
$ bin/rake db:sessions:clear
```

### Remove :cache and :concat options in asset helpers references in views

* With the Asset Pipeline the :cache and :concat options aren't used anymore, delete these options from your views.
