*tui.txt*      Nvim


                            NVIM REFERENCE MANUAL


Terminal UI						*TUI* *tui*

By default when you run `nvim` (without |--embed| or |--headless|) it starts
the builtin "terminal UI" (TUI). This default UI is optional: you can run Nvim
as a "headless" server, or you can use a |GUI|.

                                      Type |gO| to see the table of contents.

==============================================================================
Startup					*startup-tui* *startup-terminal*

Nvim has a client-server architecture: by default when you run `nvim`, this
starts the builtin UI client, which starts a `nvim --embed` server (child)
process that the UI client connects to. After attaching to the server, the UI
client calls |nvim_set_client_info()| (as recommended for all UIs |dev-ui|)
and sets these fields on its channel: >

  client = {
    attributes = {
      license = 'Apache 2',
      pid = …,
      website = 'https://neovim.io',
    },
    name = 'nvim-tui',
    type = 'ui',
    version = { … },
  }

Nvim guesses the terminal type when it starts (except in |--embed| and
|--headless| modes). The |$TERM| environment variable is the primary hint that
determines the terminal type.

					*terminfo* *E557* *E558* *E559*
To display its user interface, Nvim reads a list of "terminal capabilities"
from the system terminfo database (or builtin defaults if terminfo is not
found). If that information is wrong, the screen may be messed up or keys may
not be recognized.

The Unibilium library (used to read terminfo) allows you to override the
system terminfo with one in the "$HOME/.terminfo/" directory. Building your
own terminfo is usually as simple as running this:
>
  curl -LO https://invisible-island.net/datafiles/current/terminfo.src.gz
  gunzip terminfo.src.gz
  tic -x terminfo.src
<
								*$TERM*
The $TERM environment variable must match the terminal you are using!
Otherwise Nvim cannot know what sequences your terminal expects, and weird
or sub-optimal behavior will result (scrolling quirks, wrong colors, etc.).

$TERM is also important because it is forwarded by SSH to the remote session,
unlike most other environment variables.

>
  For this terminal           Set $TERM to                  |builtin-terms|
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  ansi                        (unknown)                           Y
  Ghostty                     ghostty, xterm-ghostty              Y
  iTerm (original)            iterm, iTerm.app                    N
  iTerm2 (new capabilities)   iterm2, iTerm2.app                  Y
  Konsole                     konsole-256color                    N
  libvte-based                vte, vte-256color                   Y
   (e.g. GNOME Terminal)      (aliases: gnome, gnome-256color)
  Linux virtual terminal      linux, linux-256color               Y
  PuTTY                       putty, putty-256color               Y
  rxvt                        rxvt, rxvt-256color                 Y
  screen                      screen, screen-256color             Y
  simple terminal (st)        st, st-256color                     Y
  Terminal.app                nsterm                              N
  tmux                        tmux, tmux-256color                 Y
  Windows/ConEmu              conemu                              Y
  Windows/Cygwin-built Nvim   cygwin                              Y
  Windows/Interix             interix                             Y
  Windows/legacy console      win32con                            Y
  Windows/VTP console         vtpcon                              Y
  xterm or compatible         xterm, xterm-256color               Y
<

					*builtin-terms* *builtin_terms*
Nvim will map |$TERM| to a builtin entry according to the above table if:

- a |terminfo| database is not available on the system
- no terminfo entry found for the current detected terminal
- Nvim was built without terminfo support (`has('terminfo')==0`)

The builtin terminfo is not combined with any external terminfo database, nor
can it be used in preference to one.  You can thus entirely override any
omissions or out-of-date information in the builtin terminfo database by
supplying an external one with entries for the terminal type.

For example "TERM=putty-256color" will be mapped to the builtin "putty" entry.
See also |tui-colors|.

Settings depending on terminal			*term-dependent-settings*

If you want to set terminal-dependent options or mappings, you can do this in
your init.vim.  Example: >vim

    if $TERM =~ '^\(rxvt\|screen\|interix\|putty\)\(-.*\)\?$'
        set notermguicolors
    elseif $TERM =~ '^\(tmux\|iterm\|vte\|gnome\)\(-.*\)\?$'
        set termguicolors
    elseif $TERM =~ '^\(xterm\)\(-.*\)\?$'
        if $XTERM_VERSION != ''
            set termguicolors
        elseif $KONSOLE_PROFILE_NAME != ''
            set termguicolors
        elseif $VTE_VERSION != ''
            set termguicolors
        else
            set notermguicolors
        endif
    elseif $TERM =~ ...
        ... and so forth ...
    endif
<
					*scroll-region* *xterm-scroll-region*
Where possible, Nvim will use the terminal's ability to set a scroll region in
order to redraw faster when a window is scrolled.  If the terminal's terminfo
description describes an ability to set top and bottom scroll margins, that is
used.

This will not speed up scrolling in a window that is not the full width of the
terminal.  Xterm has an extra ability, not described by terminfo, to set left
and right scroll margins as well.  If Nvim detects that the terminal is Xterm,
it will make use of this ability to speed up scrolling that is not the full
width of the terminal.

								*tui-input*
Historically, terminal emulators could not distinguish between certain control
key modifiers and other keys. For example, <C-I> and <Tab> are represented in
the same way, as are <Esc> and <C-[>, <CR> and <C-M>, and <NL> and <C-J>.

Modern terminal emulators are able to distinguish between these pairs of keys
by encoding control modifiers differently. There are two common but distinct
ways of doing this, known as "modifyOtherKeys" and "CSI u". Nvim supports both
encoding methods and at startup will tell the terminal emulator that it
understands these key encodings. If your terminal emulator supports it then
this will allow you to map the key pairs listed above separately. |<Tab>|

Nvim uses libtermkey to convert terminal escape sequences to key codes.
|terminfo| is used first, and CSI sequences not in |terminfo| (including
extended keys a.k.a. "modifyOtherKeys" or "CSI u") can also be parsed.

For example, when running Nvim in tmux, this makes Nvim leave Insert mode and
go to the window below: >
        tmux send-keys 'Escape' [ 2 7 u 'C-W' j
Where `'Escape' [ 2 7 u` is an unambiguous "CSI u" sequence for the <Esc> key.

The kitty keyboard protocol https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/keyboard-protocol/
is partially supported, including keypad keys in Unicode Private Use Area.
For example, this sequence is recognized by Nvim as <C-kEnter>: >
        CSI 57414 ; 5 u
and can be used differently from <C-CR> in mappings.

						*tui-modifyOtherKeys* *tui-csiu*
At startup Nvim will query your terminal to see if it supports the "CSI u"
encoding by writing the sequence >
        CSI ? u CSI c
If your terminal emulator responds with >
        CSI ? <flags> u
this means your terminal supports the "CSI u" encoding and Nvim will tell your
terminal to enable it by writing the sequence >
        CSI > 1 u
If your terminal does not support "CSI u" then Nvim will instead enable the
"modifyOtherKeys" encoding by writing the sequence >
        CSI > 4 ; 2 m

When Nvim exits cleanly it will send the corresponding sequence to disable the
special key encoding. If Nvim does not exit cleanly then your terminal
emulator could be in a bad state. If this happens, simply run "reset".

							*tui-colors*
Nvim uses 256 colours by default, ignoring |terminfo| for most terminal types,
including "linux" (whose virtual terminals have had 256-colour support since
4.8) and anything claiming to be "xterm".  Also when $COLORTERM or $TERM
contain the string "256".

Nvim similarly assumes that any terminal emulator that sets $COLORTERM to any
value, is capable of at least 16-colour operation.

						*true-color* *xterm-true-color*
Nvim emits true (24-bit) colours in the terminal, if 'termguicolors' is set.

It uses the "setrgbf" and "setrgbb" |terminfo| extensions (proposed by Rüdiger
Sonderfeld in 2013). If your terminfo definition is missing them, then Nvim
will decide whether to add them to your terminfo definition, using the ISO
8613-6:1994/ITU T.416:1993 control sequences for setting RGB colours (but
modified to use semicolons instead of colons unless the terminal is known to
follow the standard).

Another convention, pioneered in 2016 by tmux, is the "Tc" terminfo extension.
If terminfo has this flag, Nvim will add constructed "setrgbf" and "setrgbb"
capabilities as if they had been in the terminfo definition.

If terminfo does not (yet) have this flag, Nvim will fall back to $TERM and
other environment variables.  It will add constructed "setrgbf" and "setrgbb"
capabilities in the case of the "rxvt", "linux", "st", "tmux", and "iterm"
terminal types, or when Konsole, genuine Xterm, a libvte terminal emulator
version 0.36 or later, or a terminal emulator that sets the COLORTERM
environment variable to "truecolor" is detected.

							*xterm-resize*
Nvim can resize the terminal display on some terminals that implement an
extension pioneered by dtterm.  |terminfo| does not have a flag for this
extension.  So Nvim simply assumes that (all) "dtterm", "xterm", "teraterm",
"rxvt" terminal types, and Konsole, are capable of this.

							*tui-cursor-shape*
Nvim will adjust the shape of the cursor from a block to a line when in insert
mode (or as specified by the 'guicursor' option), on terminals that support
it.  It uses the same |terminfo| extensions that were pioneered by tmux for
this: "Ss" and "Se".
Similarly, if you set the cursor highlight group with blend=100, Nvim hides
the cursor through the "cvvis" and "civis" extensions.

If your terminfo definition is missing them, then Nvim will decide whether to
add them to your terminfo definition, by looking at $TERM and other
environment variables.  For the "rxvt", "putty", "linux", "screen",
"teraterm", and "iterm" terminal types, or when Konsole, a libvte-based
terminal emulator, or genuine Xterm are detected, it will add constructed
"Ss" and "Se" capabilities.

							*tui-cursor-tmux*
Within tmux it may appear that Nvim is not changing the cursor, but in fact it
is tmux receiving instructions from Nvim to change the cursor and not knowing
what to do in turn.  tmux must translate what it receives from Nvim into
whatever control sequence is appropriate for the host terminal.  It shares
a common mechanism with Nvim, of using the "Ss" and "Se" capabilities from
terminfo (for the output terminal) if they are present. Unlike Nvim, if they
are not in terminfo you must add them by setting "terminal-overrides" in
~/.tmux.conf .

See the tmux(1) manual page for the details of how and what to do in the tmux
configuration file.  It will look something like: >bash
        set -ga terminal-overrides '*:Ss=\E[%p1%d q:Se=\E[ q'
or (alas!) for Konsole 18.07.70 or older, something more complex like: >bash
        set -ga terminal-overrides 'xterm*:\E]50;CursorShape=%?%p1%{3}%<%t%{0}%e%{1}%;%d\007'
<
==============================================================================
Window size						*window-size*

[This is about the size of the whole window Vim is using, not a window that is
created with the ":split" command.]

On Unix systems, three methods are tried to get the window size:

- an ioctl call (TIOCGSIZE or TIOCGWINSZ, depends on your system)
- the environment variables "LINES" and "COLUMNS"
- from the |terminfo| entries "lines" and "columns"

If everything fails a default size of 24 lines and 80 columns is assumed.  If
a window-resize signal is received the size will be set again.  If the window
size is wrong you can use the 'lines' and 'columns' options to set the
correct values. See |:mode|.

==============================================================================
Slow and fast terminals				*slow-fast-terminal*
						*slow-terminal*

If you have a slow terminal you may want to reset the 'showcmd' and 'ruler'
options.  The command characters and cursor positions will not be shown in the
status line (which involves a lot of cursor motions and attribute changes for
every keypress or movement).  If the terminal scrolls very slowly, set the
'scrolljump' to 5 or so.  If the cursor is moved off the screen (e.g., with
"j") Vim will scroll 5 lines at a time.  Another possibility is to reduce the
number of lines that Vim uses with the command "z{height}<CR>".

If the characters from the terminal are arriving with more than 1 second
between them you might want to set the 'timeout' and/or 'ttimeout' option.

If you are using a color terminal that is slow when displaying lines beyond
the end of a buffer, this is because Nvim is drawing the whitespace twice, in
two sets of colours and attributes.  To prevent this, use this command: >vim
        hi NonText cterm=NONE ctermfg=NONE
This draws the spaces with the default colours and attributes, which allows the
second pass of drawing to be optimized away.  Note: Although in theory the
colours of whitespace are immaterial, in practice they change the colours of
cursors and selections that cross them.  This may have a visible, but minor,
effect on some UIs.


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