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# Body-based Signature Content Format

ClamAV stores all body-based (content-based) signatures in a hexadecimal format, with exception to ClamAV’s YARA rule support. In this section by a hex-signature we mean a fragment of malware’s body converted into a hexadecimal string which can be additionally extended using various wildcards.

## Hexadecimal format

You can use `sigtool --hex-dump` to convert any data into a hex-string:

    zolw@localhost:/tmp/test$ sigtool --hex-dump
    How do I look in hex?
    486f7720646f2049206c6f6f6b20696e206865783f0a

## Wildcards

ClamAV supports the following wildcards for hex-signatures:

- `??`

  Match any byte.

- `a?`

  Match a high nibble (the four high bits).

- `?a`

  Match a low nibble (the four low bits).

- `*`

  Match any number of bytes.

- `{n}`

  Match `n` bytes.

- `{-n}`

  Match `n` or less bytes.

- `{n-}`

  Match `n` or more bytes.

- `{n-m}`

  Match between `n` and `m` bytes (where `m > n`).

- `HEXSIG[x-y]aa` or `aa[x-y]HEXSIG`

  The `[x-y]` notation enables matching on a range of any bytes where one side is just a single-byte (two nibbles), represented by “`aa`”. The other side, represented by “HEXSIG” must be at least 2 bytes (4 nibbles).

  The similar notation `{n-m}` requires that both sides have at least 2 bytes. The difference here is that [x-y] enables matching of just one byte.

  A second, unfortunate, difference is that `y` cannot be greater than 32.

  Example logical signature:

      testsig;Target:0;0;64[4-4]61616161{2}6262[3-6]65:27

  In the example signature “testsig”, there are two examples of this wildcard variant:

  1. `64[4-4]61616161`: This will search for the byte “64” followed by the hex sequence “61616161” with exactly 4 arbitrary bytes in between.

  2. `6262[3-6]65`: This will search for the hex sequence “6262” followed by the byte “65” with 3 to 6 arbitrary bytes in between.

  (Note that the “{2}” in between is the other wildcard variant meaning to match 2 arbitrary bytes.)

  Thus the signature matches many variations such as these. Braces and brackets are added in this hex to illustrate the boundaries of the wildcard matches:

  - `64[61616161]616161616{4646}6262[0102]65`
  - `64[67676767]616161616{0102}6262[262626]65`
  - `64[00000000]616161616{9696}6262[26262636]65`

The range signatures `*` and `{}` virtually separate a hex-signature into two parts, eg. `aabbcc*bbaacc` is treated as two sub-signatures `aabbcc` and `bbaacc` with any number of bytes between them. It’s a requirement that each sub-signature includes a block of two static characters somewhere in its body. Note that there is one exception to this restriction; that is when the range wildcard is of the form `{n}` with `n<128`. In this case, ClamAV uses an optimization and translates `{n}` to the string consisting of `n` number of `??` character wildcards. Character wildcards do not divide hex signatures into two parts and so the two static character requirement does not apply.

## Character classes

ClamAV supports the following character classes for hex-signatures:

- `(B)`

  Match word boundary (including file boundaries).

- `(L)`

  Match CR, CRLF or file boundaries.

- `(W)`

  Match a non-alphanumeric character.

## Alternate strings

- Single-byte alternates (clamav-0.96) `(aa|bb|cc|...)` or `!(aa|bb|cc|...)` Match a member from a set of bytes (eg: `aa`, `bb`, `cc`, …).

  - Negation operation can be applied to match any non-member, assumed to be one-byte in length.
  - Signature modifiers and wildcards cannot be applied.

- Multi-byte fixed length alternates `(aaaa|bbbb|cccc|...)` or `!(aaaa|bbbb|cccc|...)` Match a member from a set of multi-byte alternates (eg: aaaa, bbbb, cccc, …) of n-length.

  - All set members must be the same length.
  - Negation operation can be applied to match any non-member, assumed to be n-bytes in length (clamav-0.98.2).
  - Signature modifiers and wildcards cannot be applied.

- Generic alternates (clamav-0.99) `(alt1|alt2|alt3|...)` Match a member from a set of alternates (eg: alt1, alt2, alt3, …) that can be of variable lengths.

  - Negation operation cannot be applied.
  - Signature modifiers and nibble wildcards (eg: `??, a?, ?a`) can be applied.
  - Ranged wildcards (eg: `{n-m}`) are limited to a fixed range of less than 128 bytes (eg: `{1} -> {127}`).

> Note: Using signature modifiers and wildcards classifies the alternate type to be a generic alternate. Thus single-byte alternates and multi-byte fixed length alternates can use signature modifiers and wildcards but will be classified as generic alternate. This means that negation cannot be applied in this situation and there is a slight performance impact.