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# Toolchain Roadmap

The use of the SciPy library requires (or optionally depends upon) several other libraries in order to operate, the main dependencies being Python and NumPy. It requires a larger collection of libraries and tools in order to build the library or to build the documentation.

Of course, the tooling and libraries are themselves not static. This document aims to provide a guide as to how SciPy’s use of these dynamic dependencies will proceed over time.

SciPy aims to be compatible with a number of releases of its dependent libraries and tools. Forcing the user base to upgrade other components for every release would greatly diminish the value of SciPy. However, maintaining backwards compatibility with very old tooling/libraries imposes limitations on which newer functionalities and capabilities can be incorporated. SciPy takes a somewhat conservative approach, maintaining compatibility with several major releases of Python and NumPy on the major platforms. (That may in and of itself impose further restrictions. See the C Compilers section for an example.)

- First and foremost, SciPy is a Python project, hence it requires a Python environment.

- BLAS and LAPACK numerical libraries need to be installed.

- Compilers for C, C++, Fortran code are needed, as well as for Cython & Pythran (the latter is opt-out currently)

- The Python environment needs the `numpy` package to be installed.

- Testing requires the `pytest` and `hypothesis` Python packages.

- Building the documentation requires the `matplotlib`, Sphinx and MyST-NB packages along with PyData theme.

The tooling used to build CPython has some implications for the tooling used in building SciPy. It also has implications for the examples used in the documentation (e.g., docstrings for functions), as these examples can only use functionality present in all supported configurations.

## Building SciPy

### Python Versions

SciPy is compatible with several versions of Python. When dropping support for older Python versions, SciPy takes guidance from [NEP29]. Generally, support for the oldest Python version is dropped 42 months after the original release. Following the acceptance of PEP 602, this mostly happens in April, and gets picked up by the mid-year release of SciPy.

Python version support over time

Python 2.7 support was dropped starting from SciPy 1.3.

Date | Pythons supported
--- | ---
2025 | Py3.11+
2024 | Py3.10+
2023 | Py3.9+
2022 | Py3.8+
2021 | Py3.7+
2020 | Py3.6+
2019 | Py3.5+
2018 | Py2.7, Py3.4+

### NumPy

SciPy depends on NumPy but releases of SciPy are not tied to releases of NumPy. SciPy attempts to be compatible with at least the 4 previous releases of NumPy. In particular, SciPy cannot rely on features of just the latest NumPy, but needs to be written using what is common in all of those 4 NumPy releases.

Python and NumPy version support per SciPy version

The table shows the NumPy and Python versions suitable for each minor SciPy version. Note that not all patch versions for a particular minor version of SciPy support all listed versions of Python. Only the most recent patch version within each minor version is guaranteed to support all listed Python versions.

SciPy version | Python versions | NumPy versions
--- | --- | ---
1.15 | >=3.10, <3.14 | >=1.23.5, <2.5.0
1.14 | >=3.10, <3.14 | >=1.23.5, <2.3.0
1.13 | >=3.9, <3.13 | >=1.22.4, <2.3.0
1.12 | >=3.9, <3.13 | >=1.22.4, <2.0.0
1.11 | >=3.9, <3.13 | >=1.21.6, <1.27.0
1.10 | >=3.8, <3.12 | >=1.19.5, <1.26.0
1.9 | >=3.8, <3.12 | >=1.18.5, <1.26.0
1.8 | >=3.8, <3.11 | >=1.17.3, <1.24.0
1.7 | >=3.7, <3.11 | >=1.16.5, <1.23.0
1.6 | >=3.7, <3.10 | >=1.16.5, <1.21.0
1.5 | >=3.6, <3.10 | >=1.14.5, <1.20.0
1.4 | >=3.5, <3.9 | >=1.13.3, <1.18.0
1.2 | 2.7, >=3.4, <3.8 | >=1.8.2, <1.17.0

In specific cases, such as a particular architecture, these requirements could vary. Please check the release notes and the meta-package `oldest-supported-numpy` for more info [OSN].

### Compilers

Building SciPy requires compilers for C, C++, Fortran, as well as the python transpilers Cython and Pythran (the latter is an opt-out dependency starting from version 1.7.0).

To maintain compatibility with a large number of platforms & setups, especially where using the official wheels (or other distribution channels like Anaconda or conda-forge) is not possible, SciPy tries to keep compatibility with older compilers, on platforms that have not yet reached their official end-of-life.

As explained in more detail below, the current minimal compiler versions are:

Compiler | Default Platform (tested) | Secondary Platform (untested) | Minimal Version
--- | --- | --- | ---
GCC | Linux | AIX, Alpine Linux, OSX | GCC 9.x
LLVM | OSX | Linux, FreeBSD, Windows | LLVM 12.x
MSVC | Windows |  | Visual Studio 2019 (vc142)

Note that there is currently no dedicated CI job to test the minimum supported LLVM/Clang version. Older versions than used in SciPy CI should work, as long as they support core (non-stdlib) C++17. Please file an issue if you encounter a problem during compilation.

#### Official Builds

Currently, SciPy wheels are being built as follows:

Platform | CI Base Images | Compilers | Comment
--- | --- | --- | ---
Linux x86 | `ubuntu-22.04` | GCC 10.2.1 | `cibuildwheel`
Linux arm | `docker-builder-arm64` | GCC 11.3.0 | `cibuildwheel`
OSX x86_64 (OpenBLAS) | `macos-12` | Apple clang 13.1.6/gfortran 11.3.0 | `cibuildwheel`
OSX x86_64 (Accelerate) | `macos-13` | Apple clang 15.0.0/gfortran 13.2.0 | `cibuildwheel`
OSX arm64 (OpenBLAS) | `macos-14` | Apple clang 15.0.0/gfortran 12.1.0 | `cibuildwheel`
OSX arm64 (Accelerate) | `macos-14` | Apple clang 15.0.0/gfortran 13.2.0 | `cibuildwheel`
Windows | `windows-2019` | GCC 10.3.0 (rtools) | `cibuildwheel`

Note that the OSX wheels additionally vendor gfortran 11.3.0 for x86_64, and gfortran 12.1.0 for arm64. See `tools/wheels/cibw_before_build_macos.sh`.

#### C Compilers

SciPy is compatible with most modern C compilers (in particular `clang`). Nowadays, there is reasonable support for recent C language standards across all relevant compilers, though this is very different from how things used to be. The following paragraphs primarily discuss the evolution of these constraints; readers who do not care about historical context can skip ahead to the table at the end.

Historical context around ABI vs. compiler support vs. C standards

In the past, the most restrictive compiler on relevant platforms in terms of C support was the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler & toolset (together known as MSVC; it has a complicated version scheme) [MSVC]. Up until Visual Studio 2013, each MSVC version came with an updated C Runtime (CRT) library that was incompatible with the previous ones.

This lack of compatibility of the Application Binary Interface (ABI) meant that all projects wanting to communicate across this interface (e.g. calling a function from a shared library) needed to be (re)compiled with the same MSVC version. The long support of CPython 2.7 meant that python itself was stuck for a long time with VS 2008 (in order not to break the ABI in patch releases), and thus SciPy was stuck on that version as well.

The use of VS 2008 (which doesn’t have support for C99) to compile builds for CPython 2.7 meant for a long time that C code in SciPy has had to conform to the earlier C90 standard for the language and standard library. After dropping support for CPython 2.7 in SciPy 1.3.x, that restriction was finally lifted (though only gradually at first).

With the introduction of the “Universal C Runtime” [UCRT] since the release of Visual Studio 2015, the ABI of C Runtime has been stable, which means that the restriction of having to use the same compiler version for SciPy as for the underlying CPython version is no longer applicable. This stability is not indefinite though: Microsoft has been planning an ABI-breaking release - across the compiler resp. C/C++ standard libraries - (tentatively called “vNext”) for quite a while, but so far it is unclear when this will arrive. Once that happens, SciPy will again be restricted to at most the last ABI-compatible Visual Studio release (currently VS 2022) until all CPython versions supported according to NEP29 have been built upstream with vNext-compatible compilers.

More specifically, there is a distinction between the Microsoft Visual Studio version and the version of the targeted “toolset”, which is defined as “The Microsoft C++ compiler, linker, standard libraries, and related utilities”. Each version of Visual Studio comes with a default version of the MSVC toolset (for example VS2017 with vc141, VS2019 with vc142), but it is possible to target older toolsets even in newer versions of Visual Studio. Due to the nature of compilers (i.e. split into frontend and backend), it depends whether the limiting factor for supporting a given feature (e.g. in C) is due to the version of Visual Studio or the toolset, but in general the latter is a harder barrier and thus the effective lower bound.

This is due to the fact that while the ABI stays compatible between toolset versions (until vNext), all linking operations must use a toolset at least as new as the one used to build any of the involved artefacts, meaning that toolset version bumps tend to be “infectious”, as in: requiring all consuming libraries to also bump their toolset (and probably compiler) version. This is more of an issue for NumPy than SciPy, as the latter has only a small C API and is compiled against by far fewer projects than NumPy. Additionally, using a newer toolset means that users of libraries that compile C++ code (as SciPy does) might also need a newer Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable, which might have to be distributed to them.

Summing up, the minimal requirement for the MSVC compiler resp. toolset per SciPy version was determined predominantly by the oldest supported CPython version at the time. The first SciPy version to raise the minimal requirement beyond that was SciPy 1.9, due to the inclusion of the HiGHS submodule, which does not compile with vc141 (and the aggressive removal of VS2017 in public CI making it infeasible to keep ensuring that everything everywhere works with non-default toolset versions).

SciPy version | CPython support | MS Visual C++ | Toolset version
--- | --- | --- | ---
Until 1.2 | 2.7 & 3.4+ | VS 2008 (9.0) | vc90
1.3, 1.4 | 3.5+ | VS 2010 (10.0) | vc100
1.5 | 3.6+ | VS 2015 (14.0) | vc140
1.6, 1.7 | 3.7+ | VS 2017 (14.1) | vc141
1.8 | 3.8+ | VS 2017 (14.1) | vc141
1.9 | 3.8+ | VS 2019 (14.20) | vc142

In terms of C language standards, it’s relevant to note that C11 has optional features (e.g. atomics, threading), some of which (VLAs & complex types) were mandatory in the C99 standard. C17 (occasionally called C18) can be considered a bug fix for C11, so generally, C11 may be skipped entirely.

SciPy has been restricted in the use of more advanced language features by the available compiler support, and Microsoft in particular has taken very long to achieve conformance to C99/C11/C17, however starting from Visual Studio 16.8, C11/C17 is supported (though without the C11 optional features). C99 `<complex.h>` support would be particularly interesting for SciPy. However, it’s still possible to use complex types on windows, provided that windows-specific types are used.

Therefore, using C features beyond C90 was only possible insofar as there was support on Windows; however, as of as of the end of 2021, a sufficiently recent compiler is used. This is because GCC & LLVM support all relevant C11 features with the oldest currently used versions, and C17 is just a bugfix for C11, as mentioned above. In short:

Date | C Standard
--- | ---
<= 2018 | C90
2019 | C90 for old code, may consider C99 for new
2020 | C99 (no `<complex.h>`, `<stdatomic.h>`, `<threads.h>` & VLAs)
2021 | C17 (no `<complex.h>`, `<stdatomic.h>`, `<threads.h>` & VLAs)
? | C23, `<complex.h>`, `<stdatomic.h>`, …

#### C++ Language Standards

C++ language standards for SciPy are generally guidelines rather than official decisions. This is particularly true of attempting to predict adoption timelines for newer standards.

Date | C++ Standard
--- | ---
<= 2019 | C++03
2020 | C++11
2021 | C++14
2022 | C++17 (core language + universally available stdlib features)
? | C++17 (with full stdlib), C++20, C++23, C++26

Historical context for compiler constraints due to manylinux

Since dropping support for Python 2.7, C++11 can be used universally, and since dropping Python 3.6, the Visual Studio version (that had previously been stuck with 14.0 due to ABI compatibility with CPython) has been recent enough to support even C++17.

Since the official builds (see above) use a pretty recent version of LLVM, the bottleneck for C++ support is therefore the oldest supported GCC version, where SciPy has been constrained mainly by the version in the oldest supported manylinux versions & images [MANY].

At the end of 2021 (with the final removal of `manylinux1` wheels), the minimal requirement of GCC moved to 6.3, which has full C++14 support [CPP]. This corresponded to the lowest-present GCC version in relevant manylinux versions, though this was still considering the Debian-based “outlier” `manylinux_2_24`, which - in contrast to previous manylinux images based on RHEL-derivative CentOS that could benefit from the ABI-compatible GCC backports in the “RHEL Dev Toolset” - was stuck with GCC 6.3. That image failed to take off not least due to those outdated compilers and reached its EOL in mid-2022. For different reasons, `manylinux2010` also reached its EOL around the same time.

The remaining images `manylinux2014` and `manylinux_2_28` currently support GCC 10 and 12, respectively. The latter will continue to receive updates as new GCC versions become available as backports, but the former will likely not change since the CentOS project is not responsive anymore about publishing aarch64 backports of GCC 11.

This leaves all the main platforms and their compilers with comparatively recent versions. However, SciPy has historically also endeavored to support less common platforms as well - if not with binary artefacts (i.e. wheels), then at least by remaining compilable from source - which includes for example AIX, Alpine Linux and FreeBSD.

Platform support and other constraints on compiler

For AIX 7.2 & 7.3 the default compiler is GCC 10 (AIX 7.1 had its EOL in 2023), but GCC 11/12 is installable side-by-side, and similarly, there is the LLVM 17-based Open XL for AIX.

The oldest currently-supported Alpine Linux release is 3.16, and already comes with GCC 11. For FreeBSD, the oldest currently-supported 13.x release comes with LLVM 14 (and GCC 13 is available as a freebsd-port).

Finally there is the question of which machines are widely used by people needing to compile SciPy from source for other reasons (e.g. SciPy developers, or people wanting to compile for themselves for performance reasons). The oldest relevant distributions (without RHEL-style backports) are Ubuntu 20.04 LTS (which has GCC 9 but also has a backport of GCC 10; Ubuntu 22.04 LTS has GCC 11) and Debian Bullseye (with GCC 10; Bookworm has GCC 12). This is the weakest restriction for determining the lower bounds of compiler support (power users and developers can be expected to keep their systems at least somewhat up-to-date, or use backports where available), and gradually becomes less important as usage numbers of old distributions dwindle.

All the currently lowest-supported compiler versions (GCC 9, LLVM 14, VS2019 with vc142) have full support for the C++17 core language, which can therefore be used unconditionally. However, as of mid-2024, support for the entirety of the C++17 standard library has not yet been completed across all compilers [CPP], particularly LLVM. It is therefore necessary to check if a given stdlib-feature is supported by all compilers before it can be used in SciPy.

C++20 support is stabilizing very slowly, even aside from modules, coroutines and several not-yet-universally-supported stdlib features. Given how big of a release the C++20 standard was, it is expected that it will take a while yet before we can start considering moving our baseline. Compiler support for C++23 and C++26 is still under heavy development [CPP].

#### Fortran Compilers

Generally, any well-maintained compiler is likely suitable and can be used to build SciPy. That said, we do not test with old `gfortran` versions, which is why we are matching the lower bound with the one for GCC above.

Tool | Version
--- | ---
gfortran | >= 9.x
ifort/ifx | A recent version (not tested in CI)
flang (LLVM) | >= 17.x

#### Cython & Pythran

SciPy always requires a recent Cython compiler. Since 1.7, Pythran is a build dependency (currently with the possibility to opt out).

### OpenMP support

For various reasons, SciPy cannot be distributed with built-in OpenMP support. When using the optional Pythran support, OpenMP-enabled parallel code can be generated when building from source.

### Other Libraries

Any library conforming to the BLAS/LAPACK interface may be used. OpenBLAS, ATLAS, MKL, BLIS, and reference Netlib libraries are known to work.

Library | Minimum version
--- | ---
LAPACK | 3.7.1
BLAS | A recent version of OpenBLAS, MKL or ATLAS. The Accelerate BLAS library is no longer supported.

There are some additional optional dependencies.

Library | Version | URL
--- | --- | ---
mpmath | Recent | http://mpmath.org/
scikit-umfpack | Recent | https://pypi.org/project/scikit-umfpack/
pooch | Recent | https://pypi.org/project/pooch/

Moreover, SciPy supports interaction with other libraries. The test suite has additional compatibility tests that are run when these are installed:

Tool | Version | URL
--- | --- | ---
pydata/sparse | Recent | pydata/sparse

## Testing and Benchmarking

Testing and benchmarking require recent versions of:

Tool | Version | URL
--- | --- | ---
pytest | Recent | https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/
Hypothesis | Recent | https://hypothesis.readthedocs.io/
asv (airspeed velocity) | Recent | https://asv.readthedocs.io/

## Building the Documentation

Tool | Version
--- | ---
Sphinx | Whatever recent versions work. >= 5.0.
PyData Sphinx theme | Whatever recent versions work. >= 0.15.2.
Sphinx-Design | Whatever recent versions work. >= 0.4.0.
numpydoc | Whatever recent versions work. >= 1.5.0.
matplotlib | Generally suggest >= 3.5.
MyST-NB | Whatever recent versions work. >= 0.17.1
jupyterlite-sphinx | Whatever recent versions work. >= 0.17.1
jupyterlite-pyodide-kernel | Whatever recent versions work. >= 0.1.0

Note

Developer Note: The versions of `numpy` and `matplotlib` required have implications for the examples in Python docstrings. Examples must be able to be executed both in the environment used to build the documentation, as well as with any supported versions of `numpy/matplotlib` that a user may use with this release of SciPy.

## Packaging

A Recent version of:

Tool | Version | URL
--- | --- | ---
setuptools | Recent | https://pypi.org/project/setuptools/
wheel | Recent | https://pythonwheels.com
multibuild | Recent | matthew-brett/multibuild

Making a SciPy release and Distributing contain information on making and distributing a SciPy release.

## References

[CPP] (1,2,3)

https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/compiler_support

[MANY]

mayeut/pep600_compliance

[MSVC]

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/overview/visual-cpp-in-visual-studio

[NEP29]

https://numpy.org/neps/nep-0029-deprecation_policy.html

[OSN]

scipy/oldest-supported-numpy

[UCRT]

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-gb/cpp/windows/universal-crt-deployment