@misc{ACPPolarMarine,
  title = {{{ACP}} - {{From}} a Polar to a Marine Environment: Has the Changing {{Arctic}} Led to a Shift in Aerosol Light Scattering Properties?},
  urldate = {2022-10-20},
  howpublished = {\url{https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/13671/2020/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/ZV3SEKSM/2020.html}
}

@article{aertsClimateLeafLitter1997,
  title = {Climate, Leaf Litter Chemistry and Leaf Litter Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Triangular Relationship},
  author = {Aerts, Rien},
  year = {1997},
  journal = {Oikos},
  pages = {439--449},
  publisher = {JSTOR}
}

@article{ahlstromRobustnessUncertaintyTerrestrial2012,
  title = {Robustness and Uncertainty in Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Response to {{CMIP5}} Climate Change Projections},
  author = {Ahlstr{\"o}m, Anders and Schurgers, Guy and Arneth, Almuth and Smith, Benjamin},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {044008},
  publisher = {IOP Publishing}
}

@article{akessonPetermannIceShelf2022,
  title = {Petermann Ice Shelf May Not Recover after a Future Breakup},
  author = {{\AA}kesson, Henning and Morlighem, Mathieu and Nilsson, Johan and Stranne, Christian and Jakobsson, Martin},
  year = {2022},
  month = may,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {2519},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-29529-5},
  urldate = {2022-10-17},
  abstract = {Floating ice shelves buttress inland ice and curtail grounded-ice discharge. Climate warming causes melting and ultimately breakup of ice shelves, which could escalate ocean-bound ice discharge and thereby sea-level rise. Should ice shelves collapse, it is unclear whether they could recover, even if we meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. Here, we use a numerical ice-sheet model to determine if Petermann Ice Shelf in northwest Greenland can recover from a future breakup. Our experiments suggest that post-breakup recovery of confined ice shelves like Petermann's is unlikely, unless iceberg calving is greatly reduced. Ice discharge from Petermann Glacier also remains up to 40\% higher than today, even if the ocean cools below present-day temperatures. If this behaviour is not unique for Petermann, continued near-future ocean warming may push the ice shelves protecting Earth's polar ice sheets into a new retreated high-discharge state which may be exceedingly difficult to recover from.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Climate change,Cryospheric science,Physical oceanography},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29529-5}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/5CX8QFPB/Åkesson et al. - 2022 - Petermann ice shelf may not recover after a future.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/X2IPLNMU/s41467-022-29529-5.html}
}

@misc{alBioticRescalingReveals,
  title = {Biotic Rescaling Reveals Importance of Species Interactions for Variation in Biodiversity Responses to Climate Change {\textbar} {{EndNote Click}}},
  author = {et {al}, V. Vandvik},
  urldate = {2023-01-26},
  abstract = {Download PDF of Biotic rescaling reveals importance of species interactions for variation in biodiversity responses to climate change published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  howpublished = {\url{https://click.endnote.com/viewer?doi=10.1073\%2Fpnas.2003377117&token=WzMzMTY1NTIsIjEwLjEwNzMvcG5hcy4yMDAzMzc3MTE3Il0.lZlTBWCpox9h0X0zsh5ClaZOMCk}},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/VDZD4UJZ/viewer.html}
}

@article{alkemadeGeneralRelationshipClimate2011,
  title = {Towards a General Relationship between Climate Change and Biodiversity: An Example for Plant Species in {{Europe}}},
  author = {Alkemade, Rob and Bakkenes, Michel and Eickhout, Bas},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Regional Environmental Change},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {143--150},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{alkemadeGLOBIO3FrameworkInvestigate2009,
  title = {{{GLOBIO3}}: A Framework to Investigate Options for Reducing Global Terrestrial Biodiversity Loss},
  author = {Alkemade, Rob and Van Oorschot, Mark and Miles, Lera and Nellemann, Christian and Bakkenes, Michel and Ten Brink, Ben},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Ecosystems},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {374--390},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{althuizenLongtermClimateRegime2018,
  title = {Long-Term Climate Regime Modulates the Impact of Short-Term Climate Variability on Decomposition in Alpine Grassland Soils},
  author = {Althuizen, Inge HJ and Lee, Hanna and Sarneel, Judith M and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Ecosystems},
  volume = {21},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1580--1592},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{althuizenLongTermClimateRegime2018,
  title = {Long-{{Term Climate Regime Modulates}} the {{Impact}} of {{Short-Term Climate Variability}} on {{Decomposition}} in {{Alpine Grassland Soils}}},
  author = {Althuizen, Inge H. J. and Lee, Hanna and Sarneel, Judith M. and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Ecosystems},
  volume = {21},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1580--1592},
  issn = {1435-0629},
  doi = {10.1007/s10021-018-0241-5},
  urldate = {2023-06-28},
  abstract = {Decomposition of plant litter is an important process in the terrestrial carbon cycle and makes up approximately 70\% of the global carbon flux from soils to the atmosphere. Climate change is expected to have significant direct and indirect effects on the litter decomposition processes at various timescales. Using the TeaBag Index, we investigated the impact on decomposition of short-term direct effects of temperature and precipitation by comparing temporal variability over years, versus long-term climate impacts that incorporate indirect effects mediated through environmental changes by comparing sites along climatic gradients. We measured the initial decomposition rate (k) and the stabilization factor (S; amount of labile litter stabilizing) across a climate grid combining three levels of summer temperature (6.5--10.5{$^\circ$}C) with four levels of annual precipitation (600--2700~mm) in three summers with varying temperature and precipitation. Several (a)biotic factors were measured to characterize environmental differences between sites. Increased temperatures enhanced k, whereas increased precipitation decreased k across years and climatic regimes. In contrast, S showed diverse responses to annual changes in temperature and precipitation between climate regimes. Stabilization of labile litter fractions increased with temperature only in boreal and sub-alpine sites, while it decreased with increasing precipitation only in sub-alpine and alpine sites. Environmental factors such as soil pH, soil C/N, litter C/N, and plant diversity that are associated with long-term climate variation modulate the response of k and S. This highlights the importance of long-term climate in shaping the environmental conditions that influences the response of decomposition processes to climate change.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {annual variability,climate change,decomposition,grassland,litter bag,precipitation,tea bag index,temperature},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0241-5}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/4SS7IDLB/Althuizen et al. - 2018 - Long-Term Climate Regime Modulates the Impact of S.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{althuizenTraitShiftsAffect2018,
  title = {Trait {{Shifts}} Affect {{Ecosystem Carbon Exchange}} under {{Climate Change}} in {{Alpine Grasslands}}},
  booktitle = {{{AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts}}},
  author = {Althuizen, Inge and Gya, Ragnhild and Jaroszynska, Francesca and Lee, Hanna and Telford, Richard and Enquist, Brian Joseph and Goldberg, Deborah E and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2018}
}

@misc{AMAPArcticClimate,
  title = {{{AMAP Arctic Climate Change Update}} 2021: {{Key Trends}} and {{Impacts}} {\textbar} {{AMAP}}},
  shorttitle = {{{AMAP Arctic Climate Change Update}} 2021},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.amap.no/documents/doc/amap-arctic-climate-change-update-2021-key-trends-and-impacts/3594}},
  langid = {british},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/B3YGU7AV/3594.html}
}

@article{arndtRecentAdvancesChallenges2023,
  title = {Recent {{Advances}} and {{Challenges}} in {{Monitoring}} and {{Modeling Non-Growing Season Carbon Dioxide Fluxes}} from the {{Arctic Boreal Zone}}},
  author = {Arndt, Kyle A. and Hashemi, Josh and Natali, Susan M. and Schiferl, Luke D. and Virkkala, Anna-Maria},
  year = {2023},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Current Climate Change Reports},
  issn = {2198-6061},
  doi = {10.1007/s40641-023-00190-4},
  urldate = {2023-10-27},
  abstract = {While previously thought to be negligible, carbon emissions during the non-growing season (NGS) can be a substantial part of the annual carbon budget in the Arctic boreal zone (ABZ), which can shift the carbon balance of these ecosystems from a long-held annual carbon sink towards a net annual carbon source. The purpose of this review is to summarize NGS carbon dioxide (CO2) flux research in the ABZ that has been published within the past 5~years.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Arctic,Boreal,Carbon cycle modeling,Carbon dioxide flux,Shoulder seasons,Winter},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s40641-023-00190-4}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/YTDU69N9/Arndt et al. - 2023 - Recent Advances and Challenges in Monitoring and M.pdf}
}

@article{arndtSnowMeltStimulates2020,
  title = {Snow Melt Stimulates Ecosystem Respiration in {{Arctic}} Ecosystems},
  author = {Arndt, Kyle A and Lipson, David A and Hashemi, Josh and Oechel, Walter C and Zona, Donatella},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {26},
  number = {9},
  pages = {5042--5051},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{arnoneLargeDaylightGeodesic2003,
  title = {A Large Daylight Geodesic Dome for Quantification of Whole-Ecosystem {{CO2}} and Water Vapour Fluxes in Arid Shrublands},
  author = {Arnone, John A. and Obrist, Daniel},
  year = {2003},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Arid Environments},
  volume = {55},
  number = {4},
  pages = {629--643},
  issn = {0140-1963},
  doi = {10.1016/S0140-1963(02)00291-4},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {We designed, constructed, calibrated and field-tested a lightweight (30kg), 4.2m diameter, 16.4m3 polyethylene-covered dome static chamber ecosystem gas exchange cuvette that can quantify ecosystem CO2 and water vapour fluxes as low as 0.1{$\mu$}mol CO2m-2s-1 and 0.1mmol H2Om-2s-1 with little impact on environmental conditions. Fluxes measured in May 2001 in an intact Great Basin sagebrush ecosystem at midday were significantly higher than in an adjacent post-wildfire successional ecosystem, with observed ranges from --0.71 to 1.49{$\mu$}mol CO2m-2s-1 for CO2 and from --0.09 to 0.53mmol H2Om-2s-1 for water vapour.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alien plant species,Cheatgrass,Ecosystem evapo-transpiraton,Net ecosystem CO exchange,Post-wildfire plant succession,Sagebrush steppe},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196302002914}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/TG2M2T4K/Arnone and Obrist - 2003 - A large daylight geodesic dome for quantification .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/TLXTWQKB/S0140196302002914.html}
}

@article{arroyoVegetationResponsesSnow2024,
  title = {Vegetation Responses to Snow Cover Removal and Rainfall Reduction in Subalpine Grasslands: {{Insights}} from a 4-Year Field Experiment in the {{Spanish Pyrenees}}},
  shorttitle = {Vegetation Responses to Snow Cover Removal and Rainfall Reduction in Subalpine Grasslands},
  author = {Arroyo, Antonio I. and {Castillo-Garcia}, Miguel and Pueyo, Yolanda and Alados, Concepci{\'o}n L.},
  year = {2024},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research},
  volume = {56},
  number = {1},
  pages = {2292339},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {1523-0430},
  doi = {10.1080/15230430.2023.2292339},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {Reduced precipitation as well as warming may result in less snow accumulation in seasonally snow-covered areas, leading to lower minimum soil temperatures and more frequent and severe soil frosts. Therefore, plant stress is increased not only by drought in warmer months, but also by increased exposure to frost in cooler periods. We conducted a 4-year field experiment to evaluate the effects of diminished snowpack accumulation (through snow removal) and rainfall reduction (through rain-out shelters) on aboveground plant productivity, diversity and species composition of two subalpine grassland plant communities from the central region of the Spanish Pyrenees. We found that the snow removal treatment decreased minimum soil temperature by 0.5{$^\circ$}C. Plant diversity decreased by 16 percent, although this effect was only observed in one of the grasslands studied. Aboveground primary productivity seemed to be unaffected. In contrast, we found that the rainfall reduction treatment negatively affected aboveground productivity of leguminous forb species, yet no effect on plant diversity was observed. Both treatments were important drivers of changes in plant species composition. Overall, our results suggest that the resilience of subalpine grasslands to snow cover removal and rainfall reduction treatments may depend on the specific community composition and dominant plant groups.},
  keywords = {Aboveground biomass,climate change,community composition,leguminous forbs,plant diversity},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2023.2292339}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/RTGIFHQY/Arroyo et al. - 2024 - Vegetation responses to snow cover removal and rai.pdf}
}

@article{assessmentImpactsShortlivedClimate2021,
  title = {Impacts of Short-Lived Climate Forcers on {{Arctic}} Climate, Air Quality, and Human Health},
  author = {Assessment, {\relax AMAP}},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)}
}

@article{atkinsCascadingImpactsLargecarnivore2019,
  title = {Cascading Impacts of Large-Carnivore Extirpation in an {{African}} Ecosystem},
  author = {Atkins, Justine L. and Long, Ryan A. and Pansu, Johan and Daskin, Joshua H. and Potter, Arjun B. and Stalmans, Marc E. and Tarnita, Corina E. and Pringle, Robert M.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {364},
  number = {6436},
  pages = {173--177},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aau3561},
  urldate = {2022-11-04},
  abstract = {Populations of the world's largest carnivores are declining and now occupy mere fractions of their historical ranges. Theory predicts that when apex predators disappear, large herbivores become less fearful, occupy new habitats, and modify those habitats by eating new food plants. Yet experimental support for this prediction has been difficult to obtain in large-mammal systems. After the extirpation of leopards and African wild dogs from Mozambique's Gorongosa National Park, forest-dwelling antelopes [bushbuck (Tragelaphus sylvaticus)] expanded into treeless floodplains, where they consumed novel diets and suppressed a common food plant [waterwort (Bergia mossambicensis)]. By experimentally simulating predation risk, we demonstrate that this behavior was reversible. Thus, whereas anthropogenic predator extinction disrupted a trophic cascade by enabling rapid differentiation of prey behavior, carnivore restoration may just as rapidly reestablish that cascade.},
  note = {\url{https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aau3561}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/8JF6MN5L/Atkins et al. - 2019 - Cascading impacts of large-carnivore extirpation i.pdf}
}

@techreport{balvaneraChapterStatusTrends2019,
  title = {Chapter 2.1 {{Status}} and {{Trends}} --{{Drivers}} of {{Change}}},
  author = {Balvanera, Patricia and Pfaff, Alexander and Vi{\~n}a, Andr{\'e}s and Garcia Frapolli, Eduardo and Hussain, Syed Ainul and Merino, Leticia and Minang, Peter Akong and Nagabhatla, Nidhi and Sidorovich, Anna},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  institution = {Zenodo},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.5517423},
  urldate = {2024-02-02},
  abstract = {This document contains~Chapter 2.1 of~ the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chapter,Global Assessment,IPBES},
  note = {\url{https://zenodo.org/records/5517423}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/45ANKPLR/Balvanera et al. - 2019 - Chapter 2.1 Status and Trends –Drivers of Change.pdf}
}

@article{baneschiNonsteadystateClosedDynamic2023,
  title = {Non-Steady-State Closed Dynamic Chamber to Measure Soil {{CO2}} Respiration: {{A}} Protocol to Reduce Uncertainty},
  shorttitle = {Non-Steady-State Closed Dynamic Chamber to Measure Soil {{CO2}} Respiration},
  author = {Baneschi, Ilaria and Raco, Brunella and Magnani, Marta and Giamberini, Mariasilvia and Lelli, Matteo and Mosca, Pietro and Provenzale, Antonello and Coppo, Leonardo and Guidi, Massimo},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Science},
  volume = {10},
  publisher = {Frontiers},
  issn = {2296-665X},
  doi = {10.3389/fenvs.2022.1048948},
  urldate = {2024-05-07},
  abstract = {Non-steady-state closed dynamic accumulation chambers are widely used to measure the respiration of terrestrial ecosystems, thanks to their low cost, low energy consumption and simple transportability, that allow measurements even in hostile and remote environments. However, the assessment of the accuracy and precision associated with the measurement system (independently of possible disturbances due to chamber-soil interactions) is rarely reported. This information is instead necessary for basic quality control, to compare data obtained by different devices and regression models and to provide Confidence Intervals (CIs) on the carbon flux values. This study quantifies the uncertainty associated with emission flux measurements, with a focus on very low fluxes. Calibration tests using different accumulation chambers and CO2 sensors were performed, and fluxes were calculated by means of different models (parametric, non-parametric and flux models). The results of this work show that the linear regression model has the best reproducibility when compared to the other tested models, regardless of the sensor used and the chamber volumes, while the second order polynomial regression has the best accuracy. We remark the importance of building a calibration curve in the range of the expected flux values, with an interval between the lowest and highest imposed flux that should not exceed two orders of magnitude. To evaluate the reproducibility of the measurement, performing replicates for each imposed flux value is essential. We also show that it is necessary to carefully identify the best time interval for interpolating the CO2 concentration curve in order to guarantee reproducibility and accuracy in flux estimates.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {accumulation chamber,Calibration,CO2 flux,Ecosystem respiration,Measurement protocol,Soil gas emissions},
  note = {\url{https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1048948}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/EV35ZDDW/Baneschi et al. - 2023 - Non-steady-state closed dynamic chamber to measure.pdf}
}

@article{baoMuchStrongerTundra2021,
  title = {Much Stronger Tundra Methane Emissions during Autumn Freeze than Spring Thaw},
  author = {Bao, Tao and Xu, Xiyan and Jia, Gensuo and Billesbach, David P and Sullivan, Ryan C},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {27},
  number = {2},
  pages = {376--387},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{barnoskyHasEarthSixth2011,
  title = {Has the {{Earth}}'s Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived?},
  author = {Barnosky, Anthony D and Matzke, Nicholas and Tomiya, Susumu and Wogan, Guinevere OU and Swartz, Brian and Quental, Tiago B and Marshall, Charles and McGuire, Jenny L and Lindsey, Emily L and Maguire, Kaitlin C and others},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {471},
  number = {7336},
  pages = {51--57},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@book{bartlettCarbonStorageNorwegian2020,
  title = {Carbon Storage in {{Norwegian}} Ecosystems (Revised Edition)},
  author = {Bartlett, Jesamine and Rusch, Graciela M. and Kyrkjeeide, Magni Olsen and Sandvik, Hanno and Nord{\'e}n, Jenni},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {66},
  publisher = {Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning (NINA)},
  issn = {1504-3312},
  urldate = {2022-12-06},
  abstract = {Bartlett, J., Rusch, G.M., Kyrkjeeide, M.O., Sandvik, H. \& Nord{\'e}n, J. 2020. Carbon storage in Norwegian ecosystems (revised edition). NINA Report 1774b. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research.  This report discusses approximate estimations of the carbon budgets within Norway's mainland ecosystems. It stands as an initial overview of the natural potential of carbon storage and sequestration in Norwegian ecosystems. We describe carbon cycling in five key ecosystem groups: forest, alpine and cryosphere, agriculture and grassland, wetland, and freshwater and nearshore ecosystems. We emphasise the vital ecosystem service that Norwegian landscapes and ecosystems provide in sequestering carbon, and how climate change and management practices may aggravate or mitigate this function. We find that the largest stores of carbon in Norway are in the forests (32\%) which also cover 38\% of the total land area. Wetlands and permafrost cover 9\% and 3\% of the total land mass respectively, yet are storing over 2.2 Pg C, 31\% of the nation's carbon. These two ecosystems are the most carbon dense ecosystems per km2, with 53 and 48 kg C m-2 for wetlands and permafrost respectively. The next densest storage of carbon can be found in freshwater lake sediments, with 45 kg C m-2, amounting to 13\% of all carbon stores. Forests and low-mid alpine zones sequester the most carbon on an annual basis (5.5 and 5.3 Tg C yr-1, respectively), with soils in alpine heathlands contributing the most to alpine carbon stores. In considering the carbon stored in key ecosystems, we find that Norway contains approximately 0.18\% of all global carbon stocks, with a land mass that is 0.07\% of the planet. This high carbon-to-area ratio is likely due to the large proportion of the country that is carbon rich peatlands (alpine and lowland) and boreal forest.  Since ratifying the Paris Agreement, Norway has pledged to become carbon neutral by 2050, yet is presently one of the highest CO2/CO2-e emitters per capita in Europe, and within the top 20\% of emitters globally. The main terrestrial ecosystems that are included in the emissions reporting system for Norway include forest, arable land and farm grazing land, infrastructure areas, and a small portion of the total area of mire, as well as land-use changes among these areas. However, a large portion of the remaining land area in Norway is to a limited extent included in the accounting, although its carbon emissions and sink capacity can be significantly affected by management practices and/or conversion. Currently non-managed areas such as wetlands, alpine zones, freshwater sediments, habitats included in non-agricultural open lowland classes, and the cryosphere including permafrost, are not adequately considered in carbon reporting, especially due to limitations in area representation and knowledge gaps concerning carbon uptake, storage and emissions in these systems, and concerning the consequences of land use change on carbon stocks. These areas account for more than half of the land cover of Norway and could account for approximately 68\% of the nation's carbon stores. Additionally, coastal ecosystems, such as kelp forests are also not included, yet play a key role in both carbon budgets and bio-diversity measures.  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) finds that the conservation and enhancement of carbon sinks and natural carbon stores is one of the surest ways for us to com-bat the extremes of climate change. The most efficient and cost-effective process is by using existing ecosystems. Current national inventories do consider the changes in land use, and how this may impact carbon emissions. However, much of the regularly assessed land types are biased towards managed ecosystems, and there is currently no framework for how to incorporate impacts on biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity is accelerating, and that has negative consequences for populations, species, communities and ecosystems, and thus ecosystem services, including those underpinning the capacity for climate mitigation and adaptation. The recent reports from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES Global Assessment 2019) and the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC Land Report 2019) both point to biodiversity and ecosystems as underpinning climate actions. They also emphasise the necessity of developing mixes of instruments that make best use of synergistic opportunities that can motivate land-owners and other decision-makers to make decisions that both conserve biodiversity and ecosystem integrity and deliver high levels of ecosystem services. The latter includes reduced greenhouse gas emissions and increased removals. Ensuring a diverse portfolio of healthy ecosystems, either through conservation of already existing ones or by restoring degraded ones, will have the greatest value of ecosystem services and ensure the highest chance of adaptability to climate change pressures in the future. The ability of non-managed and seemingly unproductive ecosystems, such as alpine landscapes, to sequester and store carbon is significant.  We suggest that, in addition to a `Klimakur' (``climate cure''), there is a need for a `Naturkur' (``nature cure'') to implement a strategy for biodiversity and ecosystem services following-up the findings and recommendations from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Bio-diversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), the new international commitments under the Bio-diversity Convention (CBD), and the national implementation of the Norwegian ``Nature for Life'' white paper (Meld. St. 14 (2015-2016), Ministry of Climate and Environment 2015). A Naturkur would emphasise the value of maintaining a diverse portfolio of ecosystems at a national level, ecosystems that are inextricably interlinked with carbon storage, sequestration capacity and bio-diversity itself, and of finding solutions that can help achieve multiple objectives by proposing synergistic measures. Or rather, a harmonized Klima-Naturkur, where actions for climate mitigation and adaptation, and for biodiversity and ecosystem services conservation are not designed independently, but address societal challenges in a coordinated manner, are synergistic, and reinforce each other to achieve multiple benefits.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} Norwegian Institute for Nature Research The publication may be freely cited where the source is acknowledged},
  isbn = {978-82-426-4604-0},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {Accepted: 2020-05-26T10:28:48Z},
  note = {\url{https://brage.nina.no/nina-xmlui/handle/11250/2655580}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/9W8L6TL8/Bartlett et al. - 2020 - Carbon storage in Norwegian ecosystems (revised ed.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/EJW5D5V9/2655580.html}
}

@article{bastinGlobalTreeRestoration2019,
  title = {The Global Tree Restoration Potential},
  author = {Bastin, Jean-Francois and Finegold, Yelena and Garcia, Claude and Mollicone, Danilo and Rezende, Marcelo and Routh, Devin and Zohner, Constantin M and Crowther, Thomas W},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {365},
  number = {6448},
  pages = {76--79},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@article{beamishRecentTrendsRemaining2020,
  title = {Recent Trends and Remaining Challenges for Optical Remote Sensing of {{Arctic}} Tundra Vegetation: {{A}} Review and Outlook},
  shorttitle = {Recent Trends and Remaining Challenges for Optical Remote Sensing of {{Arctic}} Tundra Vegetation},
  author = {Beamish, Alison and Raynolds, Martha K. and Epstein, Howard and Frost, Gerald V. and Macander, Matthew J. and Bergstedt, Helena and Bartsch, Annett and Kruse, Stefan and Miles, Victoria and Tanis, Cemal Melih and Heim, Birgit and Fuchs, Matthias and Chabrillat, Sabine and Shevtsova, Iuliia and Verdonen, Mariana and Wagner, Johann},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Remote Sensing of Environment},
  volume = {246},
  pages = {111872},
  issn = {0034-4257},
  doi = {10.1016/j.rse.2020.111872},
  urldate = {2022-10-19},
  abstract = {A systematic review and inventory of recent research relating to optical remote sensing of Arctic vegetation was conducted, and thematic and geographical trends were summarized. Research was broadly categorized into four major themes of (1) time series, including NDVI trends and shrub expansion; (2) disturbance and recovery, including tundra fires, winter warming, herbivory, permafrost disturbance, and anthropogenic change; (3) vegetation properties, including biomass, primary productivity, seasonality, phenology, and pigments; and (4) classification and mapping. Remaining challenges associated with remote sensing of Arctic vegetation were divided into three categories and discussed. The first are issues related to environmental controls including disturbance, hydrology, plant functional types, phenology and the tundra-taiga ecotone, and understanding their influence on interpretation and validation of derived remote sensing trends. The second are issues of upscaling and extrapolation related to sensor physics and the comparability of data from multiple spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions. The final category identifies more philosophical challenges surrounding the future of data accessibility, big data analysis, sharing and funding policies among major data providers such as national space agencies and private companies, as well as user groups in the public and private sectors. The review concludes that the best practices for the advancement of optical remote sensing of Arctic vegetation include (1) a continued effort to share and improve in situ-validated datasets using camera networks and small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, (2) data fusion with non-optical data, (3) sensor continuity, consistency, and comparability, and (4) free availability and increased sharing of data. These efforts are necessary to generate high quality, temporally dense datasets for identifying trends in Arctic tundra vegetation.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003442572030242X}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/SXT3T89F/Beamish et al. - 2020 - Recent trends and remaining challenges for optical.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/8XNJ98GE/S003442572030242X.html}
}

@article{beerTerrestrialGrossCarbon2010,
  title = {Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate},
  author = {Beer, Christian and Reichstein, Markus and Tomelleri, Enrico and Ciais, Philippe and Jung, Martin and Carvalhais, Nuno and R{\"o}denbeck, Christian and Arain, M Altaf and Baldocchi, Dennis and Bonan, Gordon B and others},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {329},
  number = {5993},
  pages = {834--838},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@article{beestReindeerGrazingIncreases2016,
  title = {Reindeer Grazing Increases Summer Albedo by Reducing Shrub Abundance in {{Arctic}} Tundra},
  author = {te Beest, Mariska and Sitters, Judith and M{\'e}nard, C{\'e}cile B. and Olofsson, Johan},
  year = {2016},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {11},
  number = {12},
  pages = {125013},
  publisher = {IOP Publishing},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/aa5128},
  urldate = {2022-10-25},
  abstract = {Previous studies have shown that climate warming is causing shrub cover to increase at high latitudes. Increased shrub cover generally lowers surface albedo, which results in higher energy absorption and further warming. In parts of Fennoscandia, herbivory is known to control vegetation height and abundance, and thus preventing this positive feedback. Here, we combine field measurements of albedo, herbivory and vegetation characteristics in four topographically-defined vegetation types of varying shrub height and abundance with land surface modeling (JULES) to investigate if reindeer grazing can influence the energy balance of an arctic tundra. We find that when reindeer reduces shrub height and abundance, summer albedo increases in both Betula nana-dominated heath vegetation and Salix glauca-dominated willow depressions. Model results reveal associated lower net radiation, and latent and sensible heat fluxes in heavily-grazed sites in all shrub-dominated vegetation types. Our results also suggest that the structural shift from graminoid to shrub tundra drives the difference in summer albedo, rather than shifts from dwarf-shrub to tall-shrub tundra. Reindeer has thus a potential cooling effect on climate by increasing summer albedo and decreasing net radiation, which highlights the importance of mammalian herbivores for the earth system beyond their local grazing impacts. However, the strong effects of reindeer on albedo are probably restricted to areas with high reindeer densities, since a dramatic vegetation change is essential. The importance of these processes across the whole range of reindeer densities found in the arctic tundra needs to be further evaluated.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5128}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/ZJJ4SW9V/Beest et al. - 2016 - Reindeer grazing increases summer albedo by reduci.pdf}
}

@article{belien2014testing,
  title = {Testing Foliar Absorption in Black Spruce [{{Picea}} Mariana ({{Mill}}.) {{BSP}}] Saplings},
  author = {Belien, Evelyn and Rossi, Sergio and Morin, Hubert and Deslauriers, Annie and Gaudard, Joseph},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {American Journal of Experimental Biology},
  volume = {1},
  pages = {52--60},
  copyright = {All rights reserved}
}

@article{bennettEvolutionCriticalThermal2021,
  title = {The Evolution of Critical Thermal Limits of Life on {{Earth}}},
  author = {Bennett, Joanne M and Sunday, Jennifer and Calosi, Piero and Villalobos, Fabricio and Mart{\'i}nez, Brezo and {Molina-Venegas}, Rafael and Ara{\'u}jo, Miguel B and Algar, Adam C and {Clusella-Trullas}, Susana and Hawkins, Bradford A and others},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Nature communications},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--9},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@misc{BiodiversityLossesConservation,
  title = {Biodiversity Losses and Conservation Responses in the {{Anthropocene}} {\textbar} {{Science}}},
  urldate = {2022-10-13},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aam9317}}
}

@misc{BIOutsideFieldSafety,
  title = {{{BIOutside}} -- {{Field}} Safety for Biologists in the Wild},
  urldate = {2024-04-12},
  howpublished = {\url{https://bioutside.w.uib.no/}},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/NEQ8CNMJ/bioutside.w.uib.no.html}
}

@article{biskabornPermafrostWarmingGlobal2019,
  title = {Permafrost Is Warming at a Global Scale},
  author = {Biskaborn, Boris K. and Smith, Sharon L. and Noetzli, Jeannette and Matthes, Heidrun and Vieira, Gon{\c c}alo and Streletskiy, Dmitry A. and Schoeneich, Philippe and Romanovsky, Vladimir E. and Lewkowicz, Antoni G. and Abramov, Andrey and Allard, Michel and Boike, Julia and Cable, William L. and Christiansen, Hanne H. and Delaloye, Reynald and Diekmann, Bernhard and Drozdov, Dmitry and Etzelm{\"u}ller, Bernd and Grosse, Guido and Guglielmin, Mauro and {Ingeman-Nielsen}, Thomas and Isaksen, Ketil and Ishikawa, Mamoru and Johansson, Margareta and Johannsson, Halldor and Joo, Anseok and Kaverin, Dmitry and Kholodov, Alexander and Konstantinov, Pavel and Kr{\"o}ger, Tim and Lambiel, Christophe and Lanckman, Jean-Pierre and Luo, Dongliang and Malkova, Galina and Meiklejohn, Ian and Moskalenko, Natalia and Oliva, Marc and Phillips, Marcia and Ramos, Miguel and Sannel, A. Britta K. and Sergeev, Dmitrii and Seybold, Cathy and Skryabin, Pavel and Vasiliev, Alexander and Wu, Qingbai and Yoshikawa, Kenji and Zheleznyak, Mikhail and Lantuit, Hugues},
  year = {2019},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  pages = {264},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4},
  urldate = {2022-10-18},
  abstract = {Permafrost warming has the potential to amplify global climate change, because when frozen sediments thaw it unlocks soil organic carbon. Yet to date, no globally consistent assessment of permafrost temperature change has been compiled. Here we use a global data set of permafrost temperature time series from the Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost to evaluate temperature change across permafrost regions for the period since the International Polar Year (2007--2009). During the reference decade between 2007 and 2016, ground temperature near the depth of zero annual amplitude in the continuous permafrost zone increased by 0.39\,{\textpm}\,0.15\,{$^\circ$}C. Over the same period, discontinuous permafrost warmed by 0.20\,{\textpm}\,0.10\,{$^\circ$}C. Permafrost in mountains warmed by 0.19\,{\textpm}\,0.05\,{$^\circ$}C and in Antarctica by 0.37\,{\textpm}\,0.10\,{$^\circ$}C. Globally, permafrost temperature increased by 0.29\,{\textpm}\,0.12\,{$^\circ$}C. The observed trend follows the Arctic amplification of air temperature increase in the Northern Hemisphere. In the discontinuous zone, however, ground warming occurred due to increased snow thickness while air temperature remained statistically unchanged.},
  copyright = {2019 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Environmental health,Environmental impact},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-08240-4}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/YL86LNGA/Biskaborn et al. - 2019 - Permafrost is warming at a global scale.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/LGCRW3DV/s41467-018-08240-4.html}
}

@article{bjorkmanPlantFunctionalTrait2018,
  title = {Plant Functional Trait Change across a Warming Tundra Biome},
  author = {Bjorkman, Anne D. and {Myers-Smith}, Isla H. and Elmendorf, Sarah C. and Normand, Signe and R{\"u}ger, Nadja and Beck, Pieter S. A. and {Blach-Overgaard}, Anne and Blok, Daan and Cornelissen, J. Hans C. and Forbes, Bruce C. and Georges, Damien and Goetz, Scott J. and Guay, Kevin C. and Henry, Gregory H. R. and HilleRisLambers, Janneke and Hollister, Robert D. and Karger, Dirk N. and Kattge, Jens and Manning, Peter and Prev{\'e}y, Janet S. and Rixen, Christian and {Schaepman-Strub}, Gabriela and Thomas, Haydn J. D. and Vellend, Mark and Wilmking, Martin and Wipf, Sonja and Carbognani, Michele and Hermanutz, Luise and L{\'e}vesque, Esther and Molau, Ulf and Petraglia, Alessandro and Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A. and Spasojevic, Marko J. and Tomaselli, Marcello and Vowles, Tage and Alatalo, Juha M. and Alexander, Heather D. and {Anadon-Rosell}, Alba and {Angers-Blondin}, Sandra and te Beest, Mariska and Berner, Logan and Bj{\"o}rk, Robert G. and Buchwal, Agata and Buras, Allan and Christie, Katherine and Cooper, Elisabeth J. and Dullinger, Stefan and Elberling, Bo and Eskelinen, Anu and Frei, Esther R. and Grau, Oriol and Grogan, Paul and Hallinger, Martin and Harper, Karen A. and Heijmans, Monique M. P. D. and Hudson, James and H{\"u}lber, Karl and {Iturrate-Garcia}, Maitane and Iversen, Colleen M. and Jaroszynska, Francesca and Johnstone, Jill F. and J{\o}rgensen, Rasmus Halfdan and Kaarlej{\"a}rvi, Elina and Klady, Rebecca and Kuleza, Sara and Kulonen, Aino and Lamarque, Laurent J. and Lantz, Trevor and Little, Chelsea J. and Speed, James D. M. and Michelsen, Anders and Milbau, Ann and {Nabe-Nielsen}, Jacob and Nielsen, Sigrid Sch{\o}ler and Ninot, Josep M. and Oberbauer, Steven F. and Olofsson, Johan and Onipchenko, Vladimir G. and Rumpf, Sabine B. and Semenchuk, Philipp and Shetti, Rohan and Collier, Laura Siegwart and Street, Lorna E. and Suding, Katharine N. and Tape, Ken D. and Trant, Andrew and Treier, Urs A. and Tremblay, Jean-Pierre and Tremblay, Maxime and Venn, Susanna and Weijers, Stef and Zamin, Tara and {Boulanger-Lapointe}, No{\'e}mie and Gould, William A. and Hik, David S. and Hofgaard, Annika and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, Ingibj{\"o}rg S. and Jorgenson, Janet and Klein, Julia and Magnusson, Borgthor and Tweedie, Craig and Wookey, Philip A. and Bahn, Michael and Blonder, Benjamin and {van Bodegom}, Peter M. and {Bond-Lamberty}, Benjamin and Campetella, Giandiego and Cerabolini, Bruno E. L. and Chapin, F. Stuart and Cornwell, William K. and Craine, Joseph and Dainese, Matteo and {de Vries}, Franciska T. and D{\'i}az, Sandra and Enquist, Brian J. and Green, Walton and Milla, Ruben and Niinemets, {\"U}lo and Onoda, Yusuke and Ordo{\~n}ez, Jenny C. and Ozinga, Wim A. and Penuelas, Josep and Poorter, Hendrik and Poschlod, Peter and Reich, Peter B. and Sandel, Brody and Schamp, Brandon and Sheremetev, Serge and Weiher, Evan},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {562},
  number = {7725},
  pages = {57--62},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0563-7},
  urldate = {2023-02-02},
  abstract = {The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation and climate. A better understanding of how environmental factors shape plant structure and function is crucial for predicting the consequences of environmental change for ecosystem functioning. Here we explore the biome-wide relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits both across space and over three decades of warming at 117 tundra locations. Spatial temperature--trait relationships were generally strong but soil moisture had a marked influence on the strength and direction of these relationships, highlighting the potentially important influence of changes in water availability on future trait shifts in tundra plant communities. Community height increased with warming across all sites over the past three decades, but other traits lagged far behind predicted rates of change. Our findings highlight the challenge of using space-for-time substitution to predict the functional consequences of future warming and suggest that functions that are tied closely to plant height will experience the most rapid change. They also reveal the strength with which environmental factors shape biotic communities at the coldest extremes of the planet and will help to improve projections of functional changes in tundra ecosystems with climate warming.},
  copyright = {2018 Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biogeography,Climate-change ecology,Community ecology,Macroecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586\%E2\%80\%92018\%E2\%80\%920563\%E2\%80\%927}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/NC9PVUWT/Bjorkman et al. - 2018 - Plant functional trait change across a warming tun.pdf}
}

@article{bjorkmanPlantFunctionalTrait2018a,
  title = {Plant Functional Trait Change across a Warming Tundra Biome},
  author = {Bjorkman, Anne D. and {Myers-Smith}, Isla H. and Elmendorf, Sarah C. and Normand, Signe and R{\"u}ger, Nadja and Beck, Pieter S. A. and {Blach-Overgaard}, Anne and Blok, Daan and Cornelissen, J. Hans C. and Forbes, Bruce C. and Georges, Damien and Goetz, Scott J. and Guay, Kevin C. and Henry, Gregory H. R. and HilleRisLambers, Janneke and Hollister, Robert D. and Karger, Dirk N. and Kattge, Jens and Manning, Peter and Prev{\'e}y, Janet S. and Rixen, Christian and {Schaepman-Strub}, Gabriela and Thomas, Haydn J. D. and Vellend, Mark and Wilmking, Martin and Wipf, Sonja and Carbognani, Michele and Hermanutz, Luise and L{\'e}vesque, Esther and Molau, Ulf and Petraglia, Alessandro and Soudzilovskaia, Nadejda A. and Spasojevic, Marko J. and Tomaselli, Marcello and Vowles, Tage and Alatalo, Juha M. and Alexander, Heather D. and {Anadon-Rosell}, Alba and {Angers-Blondin}, Sandra and te Beest, Mariska and Berner, Logan and Bj{\"o}rk, Robert G. and Buchwal, Agata and Buras, Allan and Christie, Katherine and Cooper, Elisabeth J. and Dullinger, Stefan and Elberling, Bo and Eskelinen, Anu and Frei, Esther R. and Grau, Oriol and Grogan, Paul and Hallinger, Martin and Harper, Karen A. and Heijmans, Monique M. P. D. and Hudson, James and H{\"u}lber, Karl and {Iturrate-Garcia}, Maitane and Iversen, Colleen M. and Jaroszynska, Francesca and Johnstone, Jill F. and J{\o}rgensen, Rasmus Halfdan and Kaarlej{\"a}rvi, Elina and Klady, Rebecca and Kuleza, Sara and Kulonen, Aino and Lamarque, Laurent J. and Lantz, Trevor and Little, Chelsea J. and Speed, James D. M. and Michelsen, Anders and Milbau, Ann and {Nabe-Nielsen}, Jacob and Nielsen, Sigrid Sch{\o}ler and Ninot, Josep M. and Oberbauer, Steven F. and Olofsson, Johan and Onipchenko, Vladimir G. and Rumpf, Sabine B. and Semenchuk, Philipp and Shetti, Rohan and Collier, Laura Siegwart and Street, Lorna E. and Suding, Katharine N. and Tape, Ken D. and Trant, Andrew and Treier, Urs A. and Tremblay, Jean-Pierre and Tremblay, Maxime and Venn, Susanna and Weijers, Stef and Zamin, Tara and {Boulanger-Lapointe}, No{\'e}mie and Gould, William A. and Hik, David S. and Hofgaard, Annika and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, Ingibj{\"o}rg S. and Jorgenson, Janet and Klein, Julia and Magnusson, Borgthor and Tweedie, Craig and Wookey, Philip A. and Bahn, Michael and Blonder, Benjamin and {van Bodegom}, Peter M. and {Bond-Lamberty}, Benjamin and Campetella, Giandiego and Cerabolini, Bruno E. L. and Chapin, F. Stuart and Cornwell, William K. and Craine, Joseph and Dainese, Matteo and {de Vries}, Franciska T. and D{\'i}az, Sandra and Enquist, Brian J. and Green, Walton and Milla, Ruben and Niinemets, {\"U}lo and Onoda, Yusuke and Ordo{\~n}ez, Jenny C. and Ozinga, Wim A. and Penuelas, Josep and Poorter, Hendrik and Poschlod, Peter and Reich, Peter B. and Sandel, Brody and Schamp, Brandon and Sheremetev, Serge and Weiher, Evan},
  year = {2018},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {562},
  number = {7725},
  pages = {57--62},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0563-7},
  urldate = {2024-02-06},
  abstract = {The tundra is warming more rapidly than any other biome on Earth, and the potential ramifications are far-reaching because of global feedback effects between vegetation and climate. A better understanding of how environmental factors shape plant structure and function is crucial for predicting the consequences of environmental change for ecosystem functioning. Here we explore the biome-wide relationships between temperature, moisture and seven key plant functional traits both across space and over three decades of warming at 117 tundra locations. Spatial temperature--trait relationships were generally strong but soil moisture had a marked influence on the strength and direction of these relationships, highlighting the potentially important influence of changes in water availability on future trait shifts in tundra plant communities. Community height increased with warming across all sites over the past three decades, but other traits lagged far behind predicted rates of change. Our findings highlight the challenge of using space-for-time substitution to predict the functional consequences of future warming and suggest that functions that are tied closely to plant height will experience the most rapid change. They also reveal the strength with which environmental factors shape biotic communities at the coldest extremes of the planet and will help to improve projections of functional changes in tundra ecosystems with climate warming.},
  copyright = {2018 Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biogeography,Climate-change ecology,Community ecology,Macroecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586\%E2\%80\%92018\%E2\%80\%920563\%E2\%80\%927}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/E3YAFNYY/Bjorkman et al. - 2018 - Plant functional trait change across a warming tun.pdf}
}

@article{bjorkmanStatusTrendsArctic2020,
  title = {Status and Trends in {{Arctic}} Vegetation: {{Evidence}} from Experimental Warming and Long-Term Monitoring},
  shorttitle = {Status and Trends in {{Arctic}} Vegetation},
  author = {Bjorkman, Anne D. and Garc{\'i}a Criado, Mariana and {Myers-Smith}, Isla H. and Ravolainen, Virve and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, Ingibj{\"o}rg Svala and Westergaard, Kristine Bakke and Lawler, James P. and Aronsson, Mora and Bennett, Bruce and Gardfjell, Hans and Hei{\dh}marsson, Starri and Stewart, Laerke and Normand, Signe},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Ambio},
  volume = {49},
  number = {3},
  pages = {678--692},
  issn = {1654-7209},
  doi = {10.1007/s13280-019-01161-6},
  urldate = {2022-10-18},
  abstract = {Changes in Arctic vegetation can have important implications for trophic interactions and ecosystem functioning leading to climate feedbacks. Plot-based vegetation surveys provide detailed insight into vegetation changes at sites around the Arctic and improve our ability to predict the impacts of environmental change on tundra ecosystems. Here, we review studies of changes in plant community composition and phenology from both long-term monitoring and warming experiments in Arctic environments. We find that Arctic plant communities and species are generally sensitive to warming, but trends over a period of time are heterogeneous and complex and do not always mirror expectations based on responses to experimental manipulations. Our findings highlight the need for more geographically widespread, integrated, and comprehensive monitoring efforts that can better resolve the interacting effects of warming and other local and regional ecological factors.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Arctic,Experimental warming,Long-term monitoring,Phenology,Vegetation change},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-019-01161-6}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/P55JAIPD/Bjorkman et al. - 2020 - Status and trends in Arctic vegetation Evidence f.pdf}
}

@article{bjorkmanWinterCarbonDioxide2010,
  title = {Winter Carbon Dioxide Effluxes from {{Arctic}} Ecosystems: {{An}} Overview and Comparison of Methodologies},
  author = {Bj{\"o}rkman, Mats P and Morgner, Elke and Cooper, Elisabeth J and Elberling, Bo and Klemedtsson, Leif and Bj{\"o}rk, Robert G},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Global Biogeochemical Cycles},
  volume = {24},
  number = {3},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{blume-werryHiddenSeasonGrowing2016,
  title = {The Hidden Season: Growing Season Is 50\% Longer below than above Ground along an Arctic Elevation Gradient},
  author = {{Blume-Werry}, Gesche and Wilson, Scott D and Kreyling, Juergen and Milbau, Ann},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {New Phytologist},
  volume = {209},
  number = {3},
  pages = {978--986},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{bokhorstChangingArcticSnow2016,
  title = {Changing {{Arctic}} Snow Cover: {{A}} Review of Recent Developments and Assessment of Future Needs for Observations, Modelling, and Impacts},
  shorttitle = {Changing {{Arctic}} Snow Cover},
  author = {Bokhorst, Stef and Pedersen, Stine H{\o}jlund and Brucker, Ludovic and Anisimov, Oleg and Bjerke, Jarle W. and Brown, Ross D. and Ehrich, Dorothee and Essery, Richard L. H. and Heilig, Achim and Ingvander, Susanne and Johansson, Cecilia and Johansson, Margareta and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, Ingibj{\"o}rg Svala and Inga, Niila and Luojus, Kari and Macelloni, Giovanni and Mariash, Heather and McLennan, Donald and Rosqvist, Gunhild Ninis and Sato, Atsushi and Savela, Hannele and Schneebeli, Martin and Sokolov, Aleksandr and Sokratov, Sergey A. and Terzago, Silvia and {Vikhamar-Schuler}, Dagrun and Williamson, Scott and Qiu, Yubao and Callaghan, Terry V.},
  year = {2016},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Ambio},
  volume = {45},
  number = {5},
  pages = {516--537},
  issn = {1654-7209},
  doi = {10.1007/s13280-016-0770-0},
  urldate = {2022-10-14},
  abstract = {Snow is a critically important and rapidly changing feature of the Arctic. However, snow-cover and snowpack conditions change through time pose challenges for measuring and prediction of snow. Plausible scenarios of how Arctic snow cover will respond to changing Arctic climate are important for impact assessments and adaptation strategies. Although much progress has been made in understanding and predicting snow-cover changes and their multiple consequences, many uncertainties remain. In this paper, we review advances in snow monitoring and modelling, and the impact of snow changes on ecosystems and society in Arctic regions. Interdisciplinary activities are required to resolve the current limitations on measuring and modelling snow characteristics through the cold season and at different spatial scales to assure human well-being, economic stability, and improve the ability to predict manage and adapt to natural hazards in the Arctic region.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Climate change,Ecosystem services,Human health,Indigenous,Snow,Societal costs},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0770-0}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/YV4H4NG3/Bokhorst et al. - 2016 - Changing Arctic snow cover A review of recent dev.pdf}
}

@article{bokhorstEcosystemResponseClimatic2012,
  title = {Ecosystem Response to Climatic Change: The Importance of the Cold Season},
  author = {Bokhorst, Stef and Bjerke, Jarle W and T{\o}mmervik, Hans and Preece, Catherine and Phoenix, Gareth K},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Ambio},
  volume = {41},
  number = {3},
  pages = {246--255},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{bokhorstReductionSnowDepth2013,
  title = {Reduction in Snow Depth Negatively Affects Decomposers but Impact on Decomposition Rates Is Substrate Dependent},
  author = {Bokhorst, Stef and Metcalfe, Daniel B and Wardle, David A},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
  volume = {62},
  pages = {157--164},
  publisher = {Elsevier}
}

@article{bombonatoManipulatingSnowCover2012,
  title = {Manipulating Snow Cover in an Alpine Bog: Effects on Ecosystem Respiration and Nutrient Content in Soil and Microbes},
  author = {Bombonato, Laura and Gerdol, Renato},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  volume = {114},
  number = {2},
  pages = {261--272},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{bondGlobalDistributionEcosystems2005,
  title = {The Global Distribution of Ecosystems in a World without Fire},
  author = {Bond, William J and Woodward, F Ian and Midgley, Guy F},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {New phytologist},
  volume = {165},
  number = {2},
  pages = {525--538},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{bruhnNocturnalPlantRespiration2022,
  title = {Nocturnal Plant Respiration Is under Strong Non-Temperature Control},
  author = {Bruhn, Dan and Newman, Freya and Hancock, Mathilda and Povlsen, Peter and Slot, Martijn and Sitch, Stephen and Drake, John and Weedon, Graham P. and Clark, Douglas B. and Pagter, Majken and Ellis, Richard J. and Tjoelker, Mark G. and Andersen, Kelly M. and Correa, Zorayda Restrepo and McGuire, Patrick C. and Mercado, Lina M.},
  year = {2022},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5650},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-33370-1},
  urldate = {2022-10-20},
  abstract = {Most biological rates depend on the rate of respiration. Temperature variation is typically considered the main driver of daily plant respiration rates, assuming a constant daily respiration rate at a set temperature. Here, we show empirical data from 31 species from temperate and tropical biomes to demonstrate that the rate of plant respiration at a constant temperature decreases monotonically with time through the night, on average by 25\% after 8\,h of darkness. Temperature controls less than half of the total nocturnal variation in respiration. A new universal formulation is developed to model and understand nocturnal plant respiration, combining the nocturnal decrease in the rate of plant respiration at constant temperature with the decrease in plant respiration according to the temperature sensitivity. Application of the new formulation shows a global reduction of 4.5 -6 \% in plant respiration and an increase of 7-10\% in net primary production for the present-day.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Carbon cycle,Ecophysiology,Plant physiology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-33370-1}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/399MQ8VB/Bruhn et al. - 2022 - Nocturnal plant respiration is under strong non-te.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/NJ9JRD8K/Bruhn et al. - 2022 - Nocturnal plant respiration is under strong non-te.html}
}

@manual{brummerCo2fluxtentToolsNEE2024,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Co2fluxtent: {{Tools}} for {{NEE}} and {{ET}} Fitting from {{CO2}} Flux},
  author = {Brummer, Alexander B. and Enquist, Brian J. and {Santos-Andrade}, Paul Efren},
  year = {2024},
  note = {\url{https://github.com/PaulESantos/co2fluxtent}}
}

@misc{CA63,
  title = {D{\'e}crypter: {{Cycle}} Du Carbone Dans Les {\'E}cosyst{\`e}mes Froids},
  author = {Gaudard, Joseph},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {63},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  howpublished = {Carnets d'Aventures}
}

@article{cardinaleBiodiversityLossIts2012,
  title = {Biodiversity Loss and Its Impact on Humanity},
  author = {Cardinale, Bradley J. and Duffy, J. Emmett and Gonzalez, Andrew and Hooper, David U. and Perrings, Charles and Venail, Patrick and Narwani, Anita and Mace, Georgina M. and Tilman, David and Wardle, David A. and Kinzig, Ann P. and Daily, Gretchen C. and Loreau, Michel and Grace, James B. and Larigauderie, Anne and Srivastava, Diane S. and Naeem, Shahid},
  year = {2012},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {486},
  number = {7401},
  pages = {59--67},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/nature11148},
  urldate = {2023-01-24},
  abstract = {Two decades ago the first Earth Summit raised the question of how biological diversity loss alters ecosystem functioning and affects humanity; this Review looks at the progress made towards answering this question.},
  copyright = {2012 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biodiversity,Ecosystem services},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11148}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/USAV6NSY/Cardinale et al. - 2012 - Biodiversity loss and its impact on humanity.pdf}
}

@article{carmonaErosionGlobalFunctional2021,
  title = {Erosion of Global Functional Diversity across the Tree of Life},
  author = {Carmona, Carlos P and Tamme, Riin and P{\"a}rtel, Meelis and {de Bello}, Francesco and Brosse, S{\'e}bastien and Capdevila, Pol and {Gonz{\'a}lez-M}, Roy and {Gonz{\'a}lez-Su{\'a}rez}, Manuela and {Salguero-G{\'o}mez}, Roberto and {V{\'a}squez-Valderrama}, Maribel and others},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Science Advances},
  volume = {7},
  number = {13},
  pages = {eabf2675},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@book{chapiniiiPrinciplesTerrestrialEcosystem2011,
  title = {Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology},
  author = {Chapin III, F Stuart and Matson, Pamela A and Vitousek, Peter},
  year = {2011},
  publisher = {Springer Science \& Business Media}
}

@article{chengNewRecordOcean2024,
  title = {New {{Record Ocean Temperatures}} and {{Related Climate Indicators}} in 2023},
  author = {Cheng, Lijing and Abraham, John and Trenberth, Kevin E. and Boyer, Tim and Mann, Michael E. and Zhu, Jiang and Wang, Fan and Yu, Fujiang and Locarnini, Ricardo and Fasullo, John and Zheng, Fei and Li, Yuanlong and Zhang, Bin and Wan, Liying and Chen, Xingrong and Wang, Dakui and Feng, Licheng and Song, Xiangzhou and Liu, Yulong and Reseghetti, Franco and Simoncelli, Simona and Gouretski, Viktor and Chen, Gengxin and Mishonov, Alexey and Reagan, Jim and Von Schuckmann, Karina and Pan, Yuying and Tan, Zhetao and Zhu, Yujing and Wei, Wangxu and Li, Guancheng and Ren, Qiuping and Cao, Lijuan and Lu, Yayang},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Advances in Atmospheric Sciences},
  issn = {1861-9533},
  doi = {10.1007/s00376-024-3378-5},
  urldate = {2024-02-01},
  abstract = {The global physical and biogeochemical environment has been substantially altered in response to increased atmospheric greenhouse gases from human activities. In 2023, the sea surface temperature (SST) and upper 2000 m ocean heat content (OHC) reached record highs. The 0--2000 m OHC in 2023 exceeded that of 2022 by 15 {\textpm} 10 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules) (updated IAP/CAS data); 9 {\textpm} 5 ZJ (NCEI/NOAA data). The Tropical Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans recorded their highest OHC observed since the 1950s. Associated with the onset of a strong El Ni{\~n}o, the global SST reached its record high in 2023 with an annual mean of {$\sim$}0.23{$^\circ$}C higher than 2022 and an astounding {$>$} 0.3{$^\circ$}C above 2022 values for the second half of 2023. The density stratification and spatial temperature inhomogeneity indexes reached their highest values in 2023.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate,global warming,ocean heat content,salinity,stratification},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-024-3378-5}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/5QACUYMC/Cheng et al. - 2024 - New Record Ocean Temperatures and Related Climate .pdf}
}

@article{chenWholesoilWarmingLeads2024,
  title = {Whole-Soil Warming Leads to Substantial Soil Carbon Emission in an Alpine Grassland},
  author = {Chen, Ying and Qin, Wenkuan and Zhang, Qiufang and Wang, Xudong and Feng, Jiguang and Han, Mengguang and Hou, Yanhui and Zhao, Hongyang and Zhang, Zhenhua and He, Jin-Sheng and Torn, Margaret S. and Zhu, Biao},
  year = {2024},
  month = may,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {15},
  number = {1},
  pages = {4489},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-024-48736-w},
  urldate = {2024-07-22},
  abstract = {The sensitivity of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in seasonally frozen soils, such as alpine ecosystems, to climate warming is a major uncertainty in global carbon cycling. Here we measure soil CO2 emission during four years (2018--2021) from the whole-soil warming experiment (4\,{$^\circ$}C for the top 1\,m) in an alpine grassland ecosystem. We find that whole-soil warming stimulates total and SOC-derived CO2 efflux by 26\% and 37\%, respectively, but has a minor effect on root-derived CO2 efflux. Moreover, experimental warming only promotes total soil CO2 efflux by 7-8\% on average in the meta-analysis across all grasslands or alpine grasslands globally (none of these experiments were whole-soil warming). We show that whole-soil warming has a much stronger effect on soil carbon emission in the alpine grassland ecosystem than what was reported in previous warming experiments, most of which only heat surface soils.},
  copyright = {2024 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Carbon cycle,Ecosystem ecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48736-w}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/NEFPWAU4/Chen et al. - 2024 - Whole-soil warming leads to substantial soil carbo.pdf}
}

@article{chersichClimateChangeImpacts2015,
  title = {Climate Change Impacts on the {{Alpine}} Ecosystem: An Overview with Focus on the Soil},
  author = {Chersich, S and Rej{\v s}ek, K and Vranov{\'a}, V and Bordoni, M and Meisina, C},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of forest science},
  volume = {61},
  number = {11},
  pages = {496--514}
}

@misc{ClimateEventsSynchronize,
  title = {Climate {{Events Synchronize}} the {{Dynamics}} of a {{Resident Vertebrate Community}} in the {{High Arctic}} {\textbar} {{Science}}},
  urldate = {2022-10-18},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1226766}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/LBN6ANCK/science.html}
}

@article{collinsExpertsWillPeople2020,
  title = {Experts and the {{Will}} of the {{People}}},
  author = {Collins, {\relax HM} and Evans, Robert and Durant, Darrin and Weinel, Martin},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Cham: Palgrave Macmillan},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{conantGrasslandManagementConversion2001,
  title = {Grassland {{Management}} and {{Conversion}} into {{Grassland}}: {{Effects}} on {{Soil Carbon}}},
  shorttitle = {Grassland {{Management}} and {{Conversion}} into {{Grassland}}},
  author = {Conant, Richard T. and Paustian, Keith and Elliott, Edward T.},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {Ecological Applications},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {343--355},
  issn = {1939-5582},
  doi = {10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0343:GMACIG]2.0.CO;2},
  urldate = {2022-12-01},
  abstract = {Grasslands are heavily relied upon for food and forage production. A key component for sustaining production in grassland ecosystems is the maintenance of soil organic matter (SOM), which can be strongly influenced by management. Many management techniques intended to increase forage production may potentially increase SOM, thus sequestering atmospheric carbon (C). Further, conversion from either cultivation or native vegetation into grassland could also sequester atmospheric carbon. We reviewed studies examining the influence of improved grassland management practices and conversion into grasslands on soil C worldwide to assess the potential for C sequestration. Results from 115 studies containing over 300 data points were analyzed. Management improvements included fertilization (39\%), improved grazing management (24\%), conversion from cultivation (15\%) and native vegetation (15\%), sowing of legumes (4\%) and grasses (2\%), earthworm introduction (1\%), and irrigation (1\%). Soil C content and concentration increased with improved management in 74\% of the studies, and mean soil C increased with all types of improvement. Carbon sequestration rates were highest during the first 40 yr after treatments began and tended to be greatest in the top 10 cm of soil. Impacts were greater in woodland and grassland biomes than in forest, desert, rain forest, or shrubland biomes. Conversion from cultivation, the introduction of earthworms, and irrigation resulted in the largest increases. Rates of C sequestration by type of improvement ranged from 0.11 to 3.04 Mg C{$\cdot$}ha-1 yr-1, with a mean of 0.54 Mg C{$\cdot$}ha-1{$\cdot$}yr-1, and were highly influenced by biome type and climate. We conclude that grasslands can act as a significant carbon sink with the implementation of improved management.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {carbon sequestration,cultivation,grassland management,grasslands,grazing management,pasture,soil carbon,soil organic matter},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/1051-0761\%282001\%29011\%5B0343\%3AGMACIG\%5D2.0.CO\%3B2}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GPWELEMV/Conant et al. - 2001 - Grassland Management and Conversion into Grassland.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/LPY7GW95/1051-0761(2001)011[0343GMACIG]2.0.html}
}

@article{cusensSocioculturalValuesBiophysical2024,
  title = {Socio-Cultural Values and Biophysical Supply: {{How}} Do Afforestation and Land Abandonment Impact Multiple Ecosystem Services?},
  shorttitle = {Socio-Cultural Values and Biophysical Supply},
  author = {Cusens, Jarrod and Barraclough, Alicia D. and M{\aa}ren, Inger Elisabeth},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Land Use Policy},
  volume = {136},
  pages = {106967},
  issn = {0264-8377},
  doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106967},
  urldate = {2024-02-19},
  abstract = {Humans have significantly modified the planet's ecosystems with negative consequences for biodiversity and human wellbeing. However, not all land use is equal, and many traditional land uses, and emergent cultural landscapes support important biodiversity and provide multiple benefits to society. Despite their importance, cultural landscapes are threatened by several factors, the most prominent being abandonment of the traditional practices that maintain them. Afforestation schemes to mitigate atmospheric carbon are an additional emerging threat. Abandonment and afforestation threaten both ecological processes and socio-cultural values, but surprisingly, there is little knowledge on the concurrent social and ecological impacts. We used a multi-method approach of ecological field surveys to quantify the biophysical supply and socio-cultural values of ecosystem services (ES) in four different vegetation types representing managed open vegetation, natural forest types for abandonment and planted forests to represent afforestation. We explored the match and/or mismatch between socio-cultural values and biophysical supply of ES in those vegetation types and investigated the socio-demographic factors that influence socio-cultural values for ES. Biophysical supply of ES was variable across vegetation types and synergies were as common as trade-offs. Socio-cultural values were high for most ES in open vegetation and natural forests and low for planted forests. Biophysical supply and socio-cultural values were well matched across the vegetation types for biodiversity and agricultural products, but strongly mismatched for climate regulation. We show that although trade-offs occur both within value- and between value domains, synergies are also common. Our results show that abandonment would impact on the biophysical supply and socio-cultural values of some ES but that this impact would be lower than that of afforestation. We argue that our approach can be used to manage trade-offs and enhance synergies between value domains for a holistic approach to landscape stewardship that supports both people and nature.},
  keywords = {Agri-environmental policy,Biocultural diversity,Extensive grazing,Food systems,Land use change,Landscape stewardship,Multifunctional agriculture},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837723004337}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/IN4SFGZD/S0264837723004337.html}
}

@article{cusensSocioculturalValuesBiophysical2024a,
  title = {Socio-Cultural Values and Biophysical Supply: {{How}} Do Afforestation and Land Abandonment Impact Multiple Ecosystem Services?},
  shorttitle = {Socio-Cultural Values and Biophysical Supply},
  author = {Cusens, Jarrod and Barraclough, Alicia D. and M{\aa}ren, Inger Elisabeth},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Land Use Policy},
  volume = {136},
  pages = {106967},
  issn = {0264-8377},
  doi = {10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106967},
  urldate = {2024-02-19},
  abstract = {Humans have significantly modified the planet's ecosystems with negative consequences for biodiversity and human wellbeing. However, not all land use is equal, and many traditional land uses, and emergent cultural landscapes support important biodiversity and provide multiple benefits to society. Despite their importance, cultural landscapes are threatened by several factors, the most prominent being abandonment of the traditional practices that maintain them. Afforestation schemes to mitigate atmospheric carbon are an additional emerging threat. Abandonment and afforestation threaten both ecological processes and socio-cultural values, but surprisingly, there is little knowledge on the concurrent social and ecological impacts. We used a multi-method approach of ecological field surveys to quantify the biophysical supply and socio-cultural values of ecosystem services (ES) in four different vegetation types representing managed open vegetation, natural forest types for abandonment and planted forests to represent afforestation. We explored the match and/or mismatch between socio-cultural values and biophysical supply of ES in those vegetation types and investigated the socio-demographic factors that influence socio-cultural values for ES. Biophysical supply of ES was variable across vegetation types and synergies were as common as trade-offs. Socio-cultural values were high for most ES in open vegetation and natural forests and low for planted forests. Biophysical supply and socio-cultural values were well matched across the vegetation types for biodiversity and agricultural products, but strongly mismatched for climate regulation. We show that although trade-offs occur both within value- and between value domains, synergies are also common. Our results show that abandonment would impact on the biophysical supply and socio-cultural values of some ES but that this impact would be lower than that of afforestation. We argue that our approach can be used to manage trade-offs and enhance synergies between value domains for a holistic approach to landscape stewardship that supports both people and nature.},
  keywords = {Agri-environmental policy,Biocultural diversity,Extensive grazing,Food systems,Land use change,Landscape stewardship,Multifunctional agriculture},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837723004337}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/EXFUKJHW/Cusens et al. - 2024 - Socio-cultural values and biophysical supply How .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/6VYSUF4X/S0264837723004337.html}
}

@article{deboeckUnderstandingEcosystemsFuture2020,
  title = {Understanding Ecosystems of the Future Will Require More than Realistic Climate Change Experiments -- {{A}} Response to {{Korell}} et Al.},
  author = {De Boeck, Hans J. and Bloor, Juliette M. G. and Aerts, Rien and Bahn, Michael and Beier, Claus and Emmett, Bridget A. and Estiarte, Marc and Gr{\"u}nzweig, Jos{\'e} M. and Halbritter, Aud H. and Holub, Petr and Jentsch, Anke and Klem, Karel and Kreyling, Juergen and {Kr{\"o}el-Dulay}, Gy{\"o}rgy and Larsen, Klaus Steenberg and Milcu, Alexandru and Roy, Jacques and Sigurdsson, Bjarni D. and Smith, Melinda D. and Sternberg, Marcelo and Vandvik, Vigdis and Wohlgemuth, Thomas and Nijs, Ivan and Knapp, Alan K.},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {26},
  number = {2},
  pages = {e6-e7},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.14854},
  urldate = {2023-01-30},
  abstract = {This article is a response to Korell et al., 26, 325--327; See also the Commentary on this article by Muller et al., 26, e4--e5; See also the response to this Letter to the Editor by Korell et al., 26, 328--329.},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.14854}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/RU3GRRLS/De Boeck et al. - 2020 - Understanding ecosystems of the future will requir.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/AR2VS9ET/gcb.html}
}

@article{defrenneTenPracticalGuidelines,
  title = {Ten Practical Guidelines for Microclimate Research in Terrestrial Ecosystems},
  author = {De Frenne, Pieter and Beugnon, R{\'e}my and Klinges, David and Lenoir, Jonathan and Niittynen, Pekka and Pincebourde, Sylvain and Senior, Rebecca A. and Aalto, Juha and Chytr{\'y}, Kry{\v s}tof and Gillingham, Phillipa K. and Greiser, Caroline and Gril, Eva and Haesen, Stef and Kearney, Michael and Kopeck{\'y}, Martin and {le Roux}, Peter C. and Luoto, Miska and Maclean, Ilya and Man, Mat{\v e}j and Penczykowski, Rachel and {van den Brink}, Liesbeth and {Van de Vondel}, Stijn and De Pauw, Karen and Lembrechts, Jonas J. and Kemppinen, Julia and Van Meerbeek, Koenraad},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.14476},
  urldate = {2025-01-17},
  abstract = {Most biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem processes on land take place in microclimates that are decoupled from the climate as measured by standardised weather stations in open, unshaded locations. As a result, microclimate monitoring is increasingly being integrated in many studies in ecology and evolution. Overviews of the protocols and measurement methods related to microclimate are needed, especially for those starting in the field and to achieve more generality and standardisation in microclimate studies. Here, we present 10 practical guidelines for ground-based research of terrestrial microclimates, covering methods and best practices from initial conceptualisation of the study to data analyses. Our guidelines encompass the significance of microclimates; the specifics of what, where, when and how to measure them; the design of microclimate studies; and the optimal approaches for analysing and sharing data for future use and collaborations. The paper is structured as a chronological guide, leading the reader through each step necessary to conduct a comprehensive microclimate study. At the end, we also discuss further research avenues and development in this field. With these 10 guidelines for microclimate monitoring, we hope to stimulate and advance microclimate research in ecology and evolution, especially under the pressing need to account for buffering or amplifying abilities of contrasting microhabitats in the context of global climate change.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2024 The Author(s). Methods in Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {air and soil temperature,climate change,field handbook,humidity,macroclimate,methods,microclimate,weather},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.14476}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/CQIPZPT9/De Frenne et al. - Ten practical guidelines for microclimate research in terrestrial ecosystems.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/ATYB3DJW/2041-210X.html}
}

@article{delnevoPlasticGeneticResponses2018,
  title = {Plastic and Genetic Responses to Shifts in Snowmelt Time Affects the Reproductive Phenology and Growth of {{Ranunculus}} Acris},
  author = {Delnevo, Nicola and Petraglia, Alessandro and Carbognani, Michele and Vandvik, Vigdis and Halbritter, Aud H.},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics},
  series = {Special Issue on {{Alpine}} and Arctic Plant Communities : A Worldwide Perspective},
  volume = {30},
  pages = {62--70},
  issn = {1433-8319},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ppees.2017.07.005},
  urldate = {2023-01-26},
  abstract = {Changes in both temperature and precipitation will affect snowmelt time at high elevation, thereby influencing plant reproduction and growth. Species can respond to changed climate with phenotypic plasticity or genetic adaptation, and these responses might vary at different levels of advanced and delayed snowmelt time. Here we mimicked future climate change projections for western Norway by transplanting individuals of Ranunculus acris towards warmer, wetter and warmer \& wetter climates. And we replicated the experiment along regional-scale temperature and precipitation gradients. This setup resulted in both advanced (warmer and warmer \& wetter transplants) and delayed (wetter transplants) snowmelt in the experimental sites. We recorded phenological development and growth over one growing season. The reproductive phenology of the transplanted R. acris individuals was affected by both phenotypic plasticity and genetic differences between populations of different origins, while growth showed only plastic responses. Plants expressed high plasticity to both advanced and delayed snowmelt time by acceleration of the onset of buds, flowers and fruits. Only the plants from wet and high-elevation sites showed a small response to advanced SMT. The late snowmelt time these populations experience could potentially cause high selection pressure leading to more constrains in plasticity. When grown under common conditions, plants from late snowmelt sites responded with earlier onset of phenological development, suggesting that the timing of snowmelt exerts strong selection on reproduction. To project species fates under future climate we need to consider the interplay between genetic adaptation and plastic responses under different climate contexts, especially towards the species range limits.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Climate change,Context-dependency,Environmental gradient,Local adaptation,Space-for-time},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1433831916301688}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/XKSBX8LG/Delnevo et al. - 2018 - Plastic and genetic responses to shifts in snowmel.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/NYGTNG6T/S1433831916301688.html}
}

@article{demelloApplicationStaticDynamic1994,
  title = {Application of Static and Dynamic Enclosures for Determining Dimethyl Sulfide and Carbonyl Sulfide Exchange in {{Sphagnum}} Peatlands: {{Implications}} for the Magnitude and Direction of Flux},
  shorttitle = {Application of Static and Dynamic Enclosures for Determining Dimethyl Sulfide and Carbonyl Sulfide Exchange in {{Sphagnum}} Peatlands},
  author = {{de Mello}, William Z. and Hines, Mark E.},
  year = {1994},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  volume = {99},
  number = {D7},
  pages = {14601--14607},
  issn = {2156-2202},
  doi = {10.1029/94JD01025},
  urldate = {2023-07-07},
  abstract = {A static enclosure method was applied to determine the exchange of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and carbonyl sulfide (OCS) between the surface of Sphagnum peatlands and the atmosphere. Measurements were performed concurrently with dynamic (flow through) enclosure measurements with sulfur-free air used as sweep gas. This latter technique has been used to acquire the majority of available data on the exchange of S gases between the atmosphere and the continental surfaces and has been criticized because it is thought to overestimate the true flux of gases by disrupting natural S gas gradients. DMS emission rates determined by both methods were not statistically different between 4 and {$>$}400 nmol m-2 h-1, indicating that previous data on emissions of at least DMS are probably valid. However, the increase in DMS in static enclosures was not linear, indicating the potential for a negative feedback of enclosure DMS concentrations on efflux. The dynamic enclosure method measured positive OCS flux rates (emission) at all sites, while data using static enclosures indicated that OCS was consumed from the atmosphere at these same sites at rates of 3.7 to 55 nmol m-2 h-1. Measurements using both enclosure techniques at a site devoid of vegetation showed that peat was a source of both DMS and OCS. However, the rate of OCS efflux from decomposing peat was more than counterbalanced by OCS consumption by vegetation, including Sphagnum mosses, and net OCS uptake occurred at all sites. We propose that all wetlands are net sinks for OCS.},
  copyright = {Copyright 1994 by the American Geophysical Union.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/94JD01025}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/JRKGGVMW/de Mello and Hines - 1994 - Application of static and dynamic enclosures for d.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/UMEDZ6HY/94JD01025.html}
}

@article{devreseTimescalesPermafrostCarbon2021,
  title = {Timescales of the Permafrost Carbon Cycle and Legacy Effects of Temperature Overshoot Scenarios},
  author = {{de Vrese}, Philipp and Brovkin, Victor},
  year = {2021},
  month = may,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {2688},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-021-23010-5},
  urldate = {2022-10-13},
  abstract = {Minimizing the risks and impacts of climate change requires limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5\,{$^\circ$}C above preindustrial levels, while the difficulty of reducing carbon emissions at the necessary rate increases the likelihood of temporarily overshooting this climate target. Using simulations with the land surface model JSBACH, we show that it takes high-latitude ecosystems and the state of permafrost-affected soils several centuries to adjust to the atmospheric conditions that arise at the 1.5\,{$^\circ$}C-target. Here, a temporary warming of the Arctic entails important legacy effects and we show that feedbacks between water-, energy- and carbon cycles allow for multiple steady-states in permafrost regions, which differ with respect to the physical state of the soil, the soil carbon concentrations and the terrestrial carbon uptake and -release. The steady-states depend on the soil organic matter content at the point of climate stabilization, which is significantly affected by an overshoot-induced soil carbon loss.},
  copyright = {2021 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Climate and Earth system modelling,Cryospheric science},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23010-5}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/ED7JICL4/de Vrese and Brovkin - 2021 - Timescales of the permafrost carbon cycle and lega.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/KPICET36/s41467-021-23010-5.html}
}

@article{dioumaevaDecompositionPeatUpland2002,
  title = {Decomposition of Peat from Upland Boreal Forest: Temperature Dependence and Sources of Respired Carbon},
  author = {Dioumaeva, Irina and Trumbore, Susan and Schuur, Edward AG and Goulden, Michael L and Litvak, Marcy and Hirsch, Adam I},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  volume = {107},
  number = {D3},
  pages = {WFX--3},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{djukicSituCarbonTurnover2013,
  title = {In Situ Carbon Turnover Dynamics and the Role of Soil Microorganisms Therein: A Climate Warming Study in an {{Alpine}} Ecosystem},
  author = {Djukic, Ika and Zehetner, Franz and Watzinger, Andrea and Horacek, Micha and Gerzabek, Martin H},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {FEMS Microbiology Ecology},
  volume = {83},
  number = {1},
  pages = {112--124},
  publisher = {Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK}
}

@article{dormannWhyWeNeed2023,
  title = {Why We Need a {{Canonical Ecology Curriculum}}},
  author = {Dormann, Carsten F. and Mello, Marco A. R.},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Basic and Applied Ecology},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {98--109},
  issn = {1439-1791},
  doi = {10.1016/j.baae.2023.05.009},
  urldate = {2023-07-31},
  abstract = {As commonly perceived and pointed out, ecology is fragmented into many poorly integrated subdisciplines, resulting in recruiting, communication, and perspective meta-problems. To put together those fragments, solve those meta-problems, and integrate our efforts more efficiently we suggest a tentative Canonical Ecology Curriculum to be used for training the next generations of ecologists. Such a curriculum should be structured around a backbone of robust theories, classical case studies, and common methods, which we can expect to be taught in any graduate programme worldwide. This would minimise the ambiguity of what an ecologist learns in different countries and continents, strengthen our common vocabulary for internal communication, and help us bridge basic and applied Ecology more efficiently. This minimalistic backbone would leave plenty of room for the ``free programme'', so that each institution also teaches knowledge and skills relevant to its own reality. To achieve this aim, we propose to focus on eight spatiotemporal scales, very much in line with current textbooks, but in reverse order: from global to genetic. This would be consistent with our ability to understand and predict, as aggregated entities average out the idiosyncrasies of lower organisational levels. We close on a call for global collaboration to exchange experiences, define common goals, develop the curriculum, and operationalise its use for real-world teaching.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Curriculum,Education,Methods,Theory,Training,University},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439179123000300}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/3MEHGNVL/Dormann and Mello - 2023 - Why we need a Canonical Ecology Curriculum.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/J6TK7IMV/S1439179123000300.html}
}

@article{dormannWhyWeNeed2023a,
  title = {Why We Need a {{Canonical Ecology Curriculum}}},
  author = {Dormann, Carsten F. and Mello, Marco A.R.},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Basic and Applied Ecology},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {98--109},
  issn = {14391791},
  doi = {10.1016/j.baae.2023.05.009},
  urldate = {2023-07-31},
  abstract = {As commonly perceived and pointed out, ecology is fragmented into many poorly integrated subdisciplines, resulting in recruiting, communication, and perspective meta-problems. To put together those fragments, solve those meta-problems, and integrate our efforts more efficiently we suggest a tentative Canonical Ecology Curriculum to be used for training the next generations of ecologists. Such a curriculum should be structured around a backbone of robust theories, classical case studies, and common methods, which we can expect to be taught in any graduate programme worldwide. This would minimise the ambiguity of what an ecologist learns in different countries and continents, strengthen our common vocabulary for internal communication, and help us bridge basic and applied Ecology more efficiently. This minimalistic backbone would leave plenty of room for the ``free programme'', so that each institution also teaches knowledge and skills relevant to its own reality. To achieve this aim, we propose to focus on eight spatiotemporal scales, very much in line with current textbooks, but in reverse order: from global to genetic. This would be consistent with our ability to understand and predict, as aggregated entities average out the idiosyncrasies of lower organisational levels. We close on a call for global collaboration to exchange experiences, define common goals, develop the curriculum, and operationalise its use for real-world teaching.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1439179123000300}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/EL4YBJQS/Dormann and Mello - 2023 - Why we need a Canonical Ecology Curriculum.pdf}
}

@article{dormannWhyWeNeed2023b,
  title = {Why We Need a {{Canonical Ecology Curriculum}}},
  author = {Dormann, Carsten F. and Mello, Marco A. R.},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Basic and Applied Ecology},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {98--109},
  issn = {1439-1791},
  doi = {10.1016/j.baae.2023.05.009},
  urldate = {2023-07-31},
  abstract = {As commonly perceived and pointed out, ecology is fragmented into many poorly integrated subdisciplines, resulting in recruiting, communication, and perspective meta-problems. To put together those fragments, solve those meta-problems, and integrate our efforts more efficiently we suggest a tentative Canonical Ecology Curriculum to be used for training the next generations of ecologists. Such a curriculum should be structured around a backbone of robust theories, classical case studies, and common methods, which we can expect to be taught in any graduate programme worldwide. This would minimise the ambiguity of what an ecologist learns in different countries and continents, strengthen our common vocabulary for internal communication, and help us bridge basic and applied Ecology more efficiently. This minimalistic backbone would leave plenty of room for the ``free programme'', so that each institution also teaches knowledge and skills relevant to its own reality. To achieve this aim, we propose to focus on eight spatiotemporal scales, very much in line with current textbooks, but in reverse order: from global to genetic. This would be consistent with our ability to understand and predict, as aggregated entities average out the idiosyncrasies of lower organisational levels. We close on a call for global collaboration to exchange experiences, define common goals, develop the curriculum, and operationalise its use for real-world teaching.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Curriculum,Education,Methods,Theory,Training,University},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439179123000300}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/V6ICUIAC/S1439179123000300.html}
}

@incollection{douglasScienceValuesCitizens2017,
  title = {Science, Values, and Citizens},
  booktitle = {Eppur Si Muove: {{Doing History}} and {{Philosophy}} of {{Science}} with {{Peter Machamer}}},
  author = {Douglas, Heather},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {83--96},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@manual{dplyr2023,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation},
  author = {Wickham, Hadley and Fran{\c c}ois, Romain and Henry, Lionel and M{\"u}ller, Kirill and Vaughan, Davis},
  year = {2023},
  note = {\url{https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=dplyr}}
}

@article{duddiganChemicalUnderpinningTea2020,
  title = {Chemical {{Underpinning}} of the {{Tea Bag Index}}: {{An Examination}} of the {{Decomposition}} of {{Tea Leaves}}},
  shorttitle = {Chemical {{Underpinning}} of the {{Tea Bag Index}}},
  author = {Duddigan, Sarah and Shaw, Liz J. and Alexander, Paul D. and Collins, Chris D.},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Applied and Environmental Soil Science},
  volume = {2020},
  pages = {e6085180},
  publisher = {Hindawi},
  issn = {1687-7667},
  doi = {10.1155/2020/6085180},
  urldate = {2023-08-14},
  abstract = {Decomposition is a key flux of terrestrial carbon to the atmosphere. Therefore, gaining a better understanding of how plant litter decomposes in soil, and what governs this process, is vital for global climate models. The Tea Bag Index (TBI) was introduced by Keuskamp et al. (2013) as a novel method for measuring litter decomposition rate and stabilisation. The TBI uses two types of tea bags representing fast (green tea) and slow (rooibos tea) decomposition substrates as standardised litter bags. To date, the TBI method has been used in over 2000 locations across the globe. However, before now, there has been no information on how the composition of the tea leaves change during incubation. These data are crucial in determining the validity of the use of the TBI method globally, to ensure the tea leaves decompose in a way that is representative of so-called ``native'' litters. To provide chemical underpinning of the TBI method, a laboratory incubation of the tea bags was conducted with destructive sampling at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84, and 91\,d. The incubated tea was analysed for total C and N. In addition, C was characterised as alkyl, O-alkyl, aromatic, or carbonyl C using solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with cross-polarization and magic angle spinning (CPMAS NMR). The results suggest that changes in carbon in both tea types are comparable to other litter studies, with a net decrease in total C and relative proportion of O-alkyl C fraction, which contains carbohydrates and cellulose. We conclude that the decomposition of tea leaves in the bags used in the TBI is representative of other litters.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://www.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2020/6085180/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/8NVZUJL5/Duddigan et al. - 2020 - Chemical Underpinning of the Tea Bag Index An Exa.pdf}
}

@article{edwardsAcademicResearch21st2017,
  title = {Academic Research in the 21st Century: {{Maintaining}} Scientific Integrity in a Climate of Perverse Incentives and Hypercompetition},
  author = {Edwards, Marc A and Roy, Siddhartha},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Environmental engineering science},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1},
  pages = {51--61},
  publisher = {Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA}
}

@misc{EffectsElevatedCO2,
  title = {Effects of Elevated {{CO2}}, Warming and Drought Episodes on Plant Carbon Uptake in a Temperate Heath Ecosystem Are Controlled by Soil Water Status - {{ALBERT}} - 2011 - {{Plant}}, {{Cell}} \&amp; {{Environment}} - {{Wiley Online Library}}},
  urldate = {2022-10-13},
  howpublished = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02320.x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/VL5RVR3U/j.1365-3040.2011.02320.html}
}

@article{elmendorfGlobalAssessmentExperimental2012,
  title = {Global Assessment of Experimental Climate Warming on Tundra Vegetation: Heterogeneity over Space and Time},
  shorttitle = {Global Assessment of Experimental Climate Warming on Tundra Vegetation},
  author = {Elmendorf, Sarah C. and Henry, Gregory H. R. and Hollister, Robert D. and Bj{\"o}rk, Robert G. and Bjorkman, Anne D. and Callaghan, Terry V. and Collier, Laura Siegwart and Cooper, Elisabeth J. and Cornelissen, Johannes H. C. and Day, Thomas A. and Fosaa, Anna Maria and Gould, William A. and Gr{\'e}tarsd{\'o}ttir, J{\'a}rnger{\dh}ur and Harte, John and Hermanutz, Luise and Hik, David S. and Hofgaard, Annika and Jarrad, Frith and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, Ingibj{\"o}rg Svala and Keuper, Frida and Klanderud, Kari and Klein, Julia A. and Koh, Saewan and Kudo, Gaku and Lang, Simone I. and Loewen, Val and May, Jeremy L. and Mercado, Joel and Michelsen, Anders and Molau, Ulf and {Myers-Smith}, Isla H. and Oberbauer, Steven F. and Pieper, Sara and Post, Eric and Rixen, Christian and Robinson, Clare H. and Schmidt, Niels Martin and Shaver, Gaius R. and Stenstr{\"o}m, Anna and Tolvanen, Anne and Totland, {\O}rjan and Troxler, Tiffany and Wahren, Carl-Henrik and Webber, Patrick J. and Welker, Jeffery M. and Wookey, Philip A.},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {164--175},
  issn = {1461-0248},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.x},
  urldate = {2023-02-02},
  abstract = {Ecology Letters (2011) Abstract Understanding the sensitivity of tundra vegetation to climate warming is critical to forecasting future biodiversity and vegetation feedbacks to climate. In situ warming experiments accelerate climate change on a small scale to forecast responses of local plant communities. Limitations of this approach include the apparent site-specificity of results and uncertainty about the power of short-term studies to anticipate longer term change. We address these issues with a synthesis of 61 experimental warming studies, of up to 20 years duration, in tundra sites worldwide. The response of plant groups to warming often differed with ambient summer temperature, soil moisture and experimental duration. Shrubs increased with warming only where ambient temperature was high, whereas graminoids increased primarily in the coldest study sites. Linear increases in effect size over time were frequently observed. There was little indication of saturating or accelerating effects, as would be predicted if negative or positive vegetation feedbacks were common. These results indicate that tundra vegetation exhibits strong regional variation in response to warming, and that in vulnerable regions, cumulative effects of long-term warming on tundra vegetation -- and associated ecosystem consequences -- have the potential to be much greater than we have observed to date.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alpine,Arctic,climate warming,long-term experiment,meta-analysis,plants},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/8UUKEIKC/Elmendorf et al. - 2012 - Global assessment of experimental climate warming .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/X62AV95B/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.html}
}

@article{elmendorfGlobalAssessmentExperimental2012a,
  title = {Global Assessment of Experimental Climate Warming on Tundra Vegetation: Heterogeneity over Space and Time},
  shorttitle = {Global Assessment of Experimental Climate Warming on Tundra Vegetation},
  author = {Elmendorf, Sarah C. and Henry, Gregory H. R. and Hollister, Robert D. and Bj{\"o}rk, Robert G. and Bjorkman, Anne D. and Callaghan, Terry V. and Collier, Laura Siegwart and Cooper, Elisabeth J. and Cornelissen, Johannes H. C. and Day, Thomas A. and Fosaa, Anna Maria and Gould, William A. and Gr{\'e}tarsd{\'o}ttir, J{\'a}rnger{\dh}ur and Harte, John and Hermanutz, Luise and Hik, David S. and Hofgaard, Annika and Jarrad, Frith and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, Ingibj{\"o}rg Svala and Keuper, Frida and Klanderud, Kari and Klein, Julia A. and Koh, Saewan and Kudo, Gaku and Lang, Simone I. and Loewen, Val and May, Jeremy L. and Mercado, Joel and Michelsen, Anders and Molau, Ulf and {Myers-Smith}, Isla H. and Oberbauer, Steven F. and Pieper, Sara and Post, Eric and Rixen, Christian and Robinson, Clare H. and Schmidt, Niels Martin and Shaver, Gaius R. and Stenstr{\"o}m, Anna and Tolvanen, Anne and Totland, {\O}rjan and Troxler, Tiffany and Wahren, Carl-Henrik and Webber, Patrick J. and Welker, Jeffery M. and Wookey, Philip A.},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  volume = {15},
  number = {2},
  pages = {164--175},
  issn = {1461-0248},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.x},
  urldate = {2024-02-06},
  abstract = {Ecology Letters (2011) Abstract Understanding the sensitivity of tundra vegetation to climate warming is critical to forecasting future biodiversity and vegetation feedbacks to climate. In situ warming experiments accelerate climate change on a small scale to forecast responses of local plant communities. Limitations of this approach include the apparent site-specificity of results and uncertainty about the power of short-term studies to anticipate longer term change. We address these issues with a synthesis of 61 experimental warming studies, of up to 20 years duration, in tundra sites worldwide. The response of plant groups to warming often differed with ambient summer temperature, soil moisture and experimental duration. Shrubs increased with warming only where ambient temperature was high, whereas graminoids increased primarily in the coldest study sites. Linear increases in effect size over time were frequently observed. There was little indication of saturating or accelerating effects, as would be predicted if negative or positive vegetation feedbacks were common. These results indicate that tundra vegetation exhibits strong regional variation in response to warming, and that in vulnerable regions, cumulative effects of long-term warming on tundra vegetation -- and associated ecosystem consequences -- have the potential to be much greater than we have observed to date.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd/CNRS},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alpine,Arctic,climate warming,long-term experiment,meta-analysis,plants},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/H7GL6YY9/Elmendorf et al. - 2012 - Global assessment of experimental climate warming .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/5R6KIASU/j.1461-0248.2011.01716.html}
}

@article{engelhardtIgnoringBioticInteractions2020,
  title = {Ignoring Biotic Interactions Overestimates Climate Change Effects: {{The}} Potential Response of the Spotted Nutcracker to Changes in Climate and Resource Plants},
  author = {Engelhardt, Eva Katharina and Neuschulz, Eike Lena and Hof, Christian},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
  volume = {47},
  number = {1},
  pages = {143--154},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{enquistAssessingTraitbasedScaling2017,
  title = {Assessing Trait-Based Scaling Theory in Tropical Forests Spanning a Broad Temperature Gradient},
  author = {Enquist, Brian J and Bentley, Lisa Patrick and Shenkin, Alexander and Maitner, Brian and Savage, Van and Michaletz, Sean and Blonder, Benjamin and Buzzard, Vanessa and Espinoza, Tatiana Erika Boza and {Farfan-Rios}, William and others},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  volume = {26},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1357--1373},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@incollection{enquistScalingTraitsEcosystems2015,
  title = {Scaling from Traits to Ecosystems: Developing a General Trait Driver Theory via Integrating Trait-Based and Metabolic Scaling Theories},
  booktitle = {Advances in Ecological Research},
  author = {Enquist, Brian J and Norberg, Jon and Bonser, Stephen P and Violle, Cyrille and Webb, Colleen T and Henderson, Amanda and Sloat, Lindsey L and Savage, Van M},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {52},
  pages = {249--318},
  publisher = {Elsevier}
}

@misc{ExportAlgalBiomass,
  title = {Export of {{Algal Biomass}} from the {{Melting Arctic Sea Ice}} {\textbar} {{Science}}},
  urldate = {2022-10-14},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1231346}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/S8R8DF9Q/science.html}
}

@article{fazliogluWarmingMattersAlpine2021,
  title = {Warming Matters: Alpine Plant Responses to Experimental Warming},
  author = {Fazlioglu, Fatih and Wan, Justin SH},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  volume = {164},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1--17},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{feeleyClimatedrivenChangesComposition2020,
  title = {Climate-Driven Changes in the Composition of {{New World}} Plant Communities},
  author = {Feeley, {\relax KJ} and {Bravo-Avila}, C and Fadrique, B and Perez, {\relax TM} and Zuleta, D},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  volume = {10},
  number = {10},
  pages = {965--970},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{feretProspectPackageLink2024,
  title = {Prospect: An {{R}} Package to Link Leaf Optical Properties with Their Chemical and Structural Properties with the Leaf Model {{PROSPECT}}},
  shorttitle = {Prospect},
  author = {F{\'e}ret, Jean-Baptiste and de Boissieu, Florian},
  year = {2024},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {9},
  number = {94},
  pages = {6027},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.06027},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {F{\'e}ret et al., (2024). prospect: an R package to link leaf optical properties with their chemical and structural properties with the leaf model PROSPECT. Journal of Open Source Software, 9(94), 6027, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.06027},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.06027}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/V3E3SK83/Féret and Boissieu - 2024 - prospect an R package to link leaf optical proper.pdf}
}

@article{filholSnowBedformsReview2015,
  title = {Snow Bedforms: {{A}} Review, New Data, and a Formation Model},
  author = {Filhol, Simon and Sturm, Matthew},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface},
  volume = {120},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1645--1669},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@misc{FluxibleFlux_fitting_expMain,
  title = {Fluxible/{{R}}/Flux\_fitting\_exp.{{R}} at Main {$\cdot$} Jogaudard/Fluxible},
  urldate = {2024-06-28},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/jogaudard/fluxible/blob/main/R/flux_fitting_exp.R}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/I6NMU7IG/flux_fitting_exp.html}
}

@misc{FluxibleFlux_fitting_expMaina,
  title = {Fluxible/{{R}}/Flux\_fitting\_exp.{{R}} at Main {$\cdot$} Jogaudard/Fluxible},
  urldate = {2024-06-28},
  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/jogaudard/fluxible/blob/main/R/flux_fitting_exp.R}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/AKYZP3GP/flux_fitting_exp.html}
}

@article{folkeResilienceEmergencePerspective2006,
  title = {Resilience: {{The}} Emergence of a Perspective for Social--Ecological Systems Analyses},
  shorttitle = {Resilience},
  author = {Folke, Carl},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Global Environmental Change},
  series = {Resilience, {{Vulnerability}}, and {{Adaptation}}: {{A Cross-Cutting Theme}} of the {{International Human Dimensions Programme}} on {{Global Environmental Change}}},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3},
  pages = {253--267},
  issn = {0959-3780},
  doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002},
  urldate = {2023-02-21},
  abstract = {The resilience perspective is increasingly used as an approach for understanding the dynamics of social--ecological systems. This article presents the origin of the resilience perspective and provides an overview of its development to date. With roots in one branch of ecology and the discovery of multiple basins of attraction in ecosystems in the 1960--1970s, it inspired social and environmental scientists to challenge the dominant stable equilibrium view. The resilience approach emphasizes non-linear dynamics, thresholds, uncertainty and surprise, how periods of gradual change interplay with periods of rapid change and how such dynamics interact across temporal and spatial scales. The history was dominated by empirical observations of ecosystem dynamics interpreted in mathematical models, developing into the adaptive management approach for responding to ecosystem change. Serious attempts to integrate the social dimension is currently taking place in resilience work reflected in the large numbers of sciences involved in explorative studies and new discoveries of linked social--ecological systems. Recent advances include understanding of social processes like, social learning and social memory, mental models and knowledge--system integration, visioning and scenario building, leadership, agents and actor groups, social networks, institutional and organizational inertia and change, adaptive capacity, transformability and systems of adaptive governance that allow for management of essential ecosystem services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adaptive capacity,Resilience,Social-ecological systems,Transformations},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378006000379}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/4SW5VBAU/Folke - 2006 - Resilience The emergence of a perspective for soc.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GJMT2FU8/S0959378006000379.html}
}

@article{folkeResilienceEmergencePerspective2006a,
  title = {Resilience: {{The}} Emergence of a Perspective for Social--Ecological Systems Analyses},
  shorttitle = {Resilience},
  author = {Folke, Carl},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Global Environmental Change},
  series = {Resilience, {{Vulnerability}}, and {{Adaptation}}: {{A Cross-Cutting Theme}} of the {{International Human Dimensions Programme}} on {{Global Environmental Change}}},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3},
  pages = {253--267},
  issn = {0959-3780},
  doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002},
  urldate = {2024-02-19},
  abstract = {The resilience perspective is increasingly used as an approach for understanding the dynamics of social--ecological systems. This article presents the origin of the resilience perspective and provides an overview of its development to date. With roots in one branch of ecology and the discovery of multiple basins of attraction in ecosystems in the 1960--1970s, it inspired social and environmental scientists to challenge the dominant stable equilibrium view. The resilience approach emphasizes non-linear dynamics, thresholds, uncertainty and surprise, how periods of gradual change interplay with periods of rapid change and how such dynamics interact across temporal and spatial scales. The history was dominated by empirical observations of ecosystem dynamics interpreted in mathematical models, developing into the adaptive management approach for responding to ecosystem change. Serious attempts to integrate the social dimension is currently taking place in resilience work reflected in the large numbers of sciences involved in explorative studies and new discoveries of linked social--ecological systems. Recent advances include understanding of social processes like, social learning and social memory, mental models and knowledge--system integration, visioning and scenario building, leadership, agents and actor groups, social networks, institutional and organizational inertia and change, adaptive capacity, transformability and systems of adaptive governance that allow for management of essential ecosystem services.},
  keywords = {Adaptive capacity,Resilience,Social-ecological systems,Transformations},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378006000379}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/NKCZR2K6/S0959378006000379.html}
}

@article{folkeResilienceEmergencePerspective2006b,
  title = {Resilience: {{The}} Emergence of a Perspective for Social--Ecological Systems Analyses},
  shorttitle = {Resilience},
  author = {Folke, Carl},
  year = {2006},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Global Environmental Change},
  series = {Resilience, {{Vulnerability}}, and {{Adaptation}}: {{A Cross-Cutting Theme}} of the {{International Human Dimensions Programme}} on {{Global Environmental Change}}},
  volume = {16},
  number = {3},
  pages = {253--267},
  issn = {0959-3780},
  doi = {10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002},
  urldate = {2024-02-19},
  abstract = {The resilience perspective is increasingly used as an approach for understanding the dynamics of social--ecological systems. This article presents the origin of the resilience perspective and provides an overview of its development to date. With roots in one branch of ecology and the discovery of multiple basins of attraction in ecosystems in the 1960--1970s, it inspired social and environmental scientists to challenge the dominant stable equilibrium view. The resilience approach emphasizes non-linear dynamics, thresholds, uncertainty and surprise, how periods of gradual change interplay with periods of rapid change and how such dynamics interact across temporal and spatial scales. The history was dominated by empirical observations of ecosystem dynamics interpreted in mathematical models, developing into the adaptive management approach for responding to ecosystem change. Serious attempts to integrate the social dimension is currently taking place in resilience work reflected in the large numbers of sciences involved in explorative studies and new discoveries of linked social--ecological systems. Recent advances include understanding of social processes like, social learning and social memory, mental models and knowledge--system integration, visioning and scenario building, leadership, agents and actor groups, social networks, institutional and organizational inertia and change, adaptive capacity, transformability and systems of adaptive governance that allow for management of essential ecosystem services.},
  keywords = {Adaptive capacity,Resilience,Social-ecological systems,Transformations},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378006000379}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/A2S2QTMN/Folke - 2006 - Resilience The emergence of a perspective for soc.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/VDAS874C/S0959378006000379.html}
}

@article{forbesFluxbotsMethodBuilding2023,
  title = {Fluxbots: {{A Method}} for {{Building}}, {{Deploying}}, {{Collecting}} and {{Analyzing Data From}} an {{Array}} of {{Inexpensive}}, {{Autonomous Soil Carbon Flux Chambers}}},
  shorttitle = {Fluxbots},
  author = {Forbes, Elizabeth and Benenati, Vincent and Frey, Spencer and Hirsch, Mare and Koech, George and Lewin, Grace and Mantas, John Naisikie and Caylor, Kelly},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  volume = {128},
  number = {6},
  pages = {e2023JG007451},
  issn = {2169-8961},
  doi = {10.1029/2023JG007451},
  urldate = {2024-05-07},
  abstract = {Soil carbon flux rates are a crucial metric of carbon cycling that contribute to calculating an ecosystem's carbon budget, and thus whether it is a source or sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, soil carbon flux datasets are frequently low-resolution across either space or time, limiting our abilities to identify small-scale ecological contexts that influence soil carbon dynamics. Existing datasets are distributed unevenly, with some soil carbon-rich regions (like tropical grasslands) significantly understudied. We developed an autonomous, inexpensive, do-it-yourself (DIY) soil carbon flux chamber (a ``fluxbot'') and data processing software. We deployed a distributed array of 12 fluxbots in a long-term experiment in a central Kenyan savanna where it has been logistically impossible to collect high-resolution soil carbon flux data. With this array we collected over 10,000 individual flux estimates over almost two months, spanning the end of a dry season and the start of a wet season. With our successful deployment in situ, we demonstrate the potential for low-cost, autonomous, DIY sensors in improving resolution of soil carbon flux datasets (particularly in under-studied or logistically challenging systems). If implemented widely, such an improvement in data collection capacities could improve our understanding of ecological and climatic drivers of soil carbon flux dynamics on the local to global scale.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2023. The Authors.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {closed chamber system,distributed array,do-it-yourself,ecological heterogeneity,fluxbots,soil carbon flux},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023JG007451}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/77RCGYVJ/Forbes et al. - 2023 - Fluxbots A Method for Building, Deploying, Collec.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/YTZ4QJ6J/2023JG007451.html}
}

@article{foucheCanadianPermafrostStores2020,
  title = {Canadian Permafrost Stores Large Pools of Ammonium and Optically Distinct Dissolved Organic Matter},
  author = {Fouch{\'e}, Julien and Christiansen, {\relax CT} and Lafreni{\`e}re, {\relax MJ} and Grogan, P and Lamoureux, {\relax SF}},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Nature communications},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--11},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{franzluebbersFlushCarbonDioxide2000,
  title = {Flush of Carbon Dioxide Following Rewetting of Dried Soil Relates to Active Organic Pools},
  author = {Franzluebbers, {\relax AJ} and Haney, {\relax RL} and Honeycutt, {\relax CW} and Schomberg, H-HONS and Hons, {\relax FM}},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Soil Science Society of America Journal},
  volume = {64},
  number = {2},
  pages = {613--623},
  publisher = {Soil Science Society}
}

@article{friedlingsteinClimateCarbonCycle2006,
  title = {Climate--Carbon Cycle Feedback Analysis: Results from the {{C4MIP}} Model Intercomparison},
  author = {Friedlingstein, Pierre and Cox, Peter and Betts, Richard and Bopp, Laurent and {von Bloh}, Werner and Brovkin, Victor and Cadule, Patricia and Doney, Scott and Eby, Michael and Fung, Inez and others},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Journal of climate},
  volume = {19},
  number = {14},
  pages = {3337--3353}
}

@manual{fussGasfluxesGreenhouseGas2024,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Gasfluxes: {{Greenhouse}} Gas Flux Calculation from Chamber Measurements},
  author = {Fuss, Roland},
  year = {2024},
  note = {\url{https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gasfluxes}}
}

@article{gallantDisentanglingRelativeInfluences2020,
  title = {Disentangling the Relative Influences of Global Drivers of Change in Biodiversity: {{A}} Study of the Twentieth-Century Red Fox Expansion into the {{Canadian Arctic}}},
  shorttitle = {Disentangling the Relative Influences of Global Drivers of Change in Biodiversity},
  author = {Gallant, Daniel and Lecomte, Nicolas and Berteaux, Dominique},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Journal of Animal Ecology},
  volume = {89},
  number = {2},
  pages = {565--576},
  issn = {1365-2656},
  doi = {10.1111/1365-2656.13090},
  urldate = {2022-10-19},
  abstract = {The poleward range shift of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) {$>$} 1,700 km into the Arctic is one of the most remarkable distribution changes of the early twentieth century. While this expansion threatens a smaller arctic ecological equivalent, the arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), the case became a textbook example of climate-driven range shifts. We tested this classical climate change hypothesis linked to an important range shift which has attracted little research thus far. We analysed Canadian fur harvest data from the Hudson's Bay Company Archives (14 trading posts; 1926--1950), testing hypotheses based on changes in summer and winter climates. Summer warming might have triggered a bottom-up increase in ecosystem productivity, while winter warming might have lowered thermal stress, both favouring red fox expansion. Additionally, we evaluated the hypothesis that red fox expansion was driven by the appearance of human sedentary sites (n = 110) likely bringing food subsidies into the unproductive tundra. Analysis of red fox expansion chronologies showed that expansion speed was higher during warmer winters. However, the expansions occurred under both cooling and warming trends, being faster during cooler summers in the Baffin Island region. The increasing proportion of red fox in fox fur harvests was best explained by human activity, while generalized linear mixed models also revealed a marginal effect of warmer winters. Generalized additive models confirmed human presence as the most important factor explaining rates of change in the proportion of red fox in fox fur harvests. Using historical ecology, we disentangled the relative influences of climate change and anthropogenic habitat change, two global drivers that transformed arctic biodiversity during the last century and will likely continue to do so during this century. Anthropogenic food subsidies, which constitute stable food sources, facilitated the invasion of the tundra biome by a new mammalian predator and competitor, with long-term consequences that still remain to be understood.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {anthropocene,biogeography,climate change,distribution,food subsidies,fur trade,human activity,Vulpes vulpes},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2656.13090}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/3VS4HKHU/Gallant et al. - 2020 - Disentangling the relative influences of global dr.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/3ZRACCLH/1365-2656.html}
}

@manual{gasfluxes2024,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Gasfluxes: {{Greenhouse}} Gas Flux Calculation from Chamber Measurements},
  author = {Fuss, Roland},
  year = {2024},
  note = {\url{https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gasfluxes}}
}

@manual{gaudardFluxibleEcosystemGas2024,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Fluxible: {{Ecosystem}} Gas Fluxes Calculations for Closed Loop Chamber Setup},
  author = {Gaudard, Joseph and Efren, Paul and Mustri, Michael and Niittynen, Pekka O and Telford, Richard James},
  year = {2024},
  note = {\url{https://cran.r-project.org/package=fluxible}}
}

@article{gaynorLandscapesFearSpatial2019,
  title = {Landscapes of {{Fear}}: {{Spatial Patterns}} of {{Risk Perception}} and {{Response}}},
  shorttitle = {Landscapes of {{Fear}}},
  author = {Gaynor, Kaitlyn M. and Brown, Joel S. and Middleton, Arthur D. and Power, Mary E. and Brashares, Justin S.},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  volume = {34},
  number = {4},
  pages = {355--368},
  issn = {0169-5347},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.004},
  urldate = {2022-11-04},
  abstract = {Animals experience varying levels of predation risk as they navigate heterogeneous landscapes, and behavioral responses to perceived risk can structure ecosystems. The concept of the landscape of fear has recently become central to describing this spatial variation in risk, perception, and response. We present a framework linking the landscape of fear, defined as spatial variation in prey perception of risk, to the underlying physical landscape and predation risk, and to resulting patterns of prey distribution and antipredator behavior. By disambiguating the mechanisms through which prey perceive risk and incorporate fear into decision making, we can better quantify the nonlinear relationship between risk and response and evaluate the relative importance of the landscape of fear across taxa and ecosystems.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antipredator behavior,landscape of fear,nonlethal effects,predation risk,predator-prey,risk effects},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534719300199}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/WDUZWCL4/Gaynor et al. - 2019 - Landscapes of Fear Spatial Patterns of Risk Perce.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/85KY6Y4F/S0169534719300199.html}
}

@article{gibbonsScienceNewSocial1999,
  title = {Science's New Social Contract with Society},
  author = {Gibbons, Michael},
  year = {1999},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {402},
  number = {6761},
  pages = {C81--C84},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@misc{GlobalRisksReport,
  title = {Global {{Risks Report}} 2023},
  journal = {World Economic Forum},
  urldate = {2024-02-01},
  abstract = {The World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report 2023 explores some of the most severe risks we may face over the next decade that include energy supply and food crisis, rising inflation, cyberattacks, failure to meet net-zero targets, weaponization of economic policy, weakening of human rights.},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2023/in-full/}},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/PRT2AJ95/Global Risks Report 2023.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/F5YTDZSG/in-full.html}
}

@article{gonzalezGlobalPatternsVulnerability2010,
  title = {Global Patterns in the Vulnerability of Ecosystems to Vegetation Shifts Due to Climate Change},
  author = {Gonzalez, Patrick and Neilson, Ronald P and Lenihan, James M and Drapek, Raymond J},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  volume = {19},
  number = {6},
  pages = {755--768},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@misc{GrantDataLoggers,
  title = {Grant Data Loggers at {{DuckDuckGo}}},
  urldate = {2024-05-23},
  howpublished = {\url{https://duckduckgo.com/?q=grant+data+loggers&t=newext&atb=v398-1&errorRetry=1}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/XEZ9CBMD/duckduckgo.com.html}
}

@misc{GrantDataLoggersa,
  title = {Grant Data Loggers at {{DuckDuckGo}}},
  urldate = {2024-05-23},
  howpublished = {\url{https://duckduckgo.com/?q=grant+data+loggers&t=newext&atb=v398-1&errorRetry=1}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/Q2P24UAG/duckduckgo.com.html}
}

@article{groganArcticSoilRespiration1999,
  title = {Arctic Soil Respiration: Effects of Climate and Vegetation Depend on Season},
  author = {Grogan, Paul and Chapin Iii, {\relax FS}},
  year = {1999},
  journal = {Ecosystems},
  volume = {2},
  number = {5},
  pages = {451--459},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{groganColdSeasonRespiration2012,
  title = {Cold Season Respiration across a Low Arctic Landscape: The Influence of Vegetation Type, Snow Depth, and Interannual Climatic Variation},
  shorttitle = {Cold Season Respiration across a Low Arctic Landscape},
  author = {Grogan, Paul},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research},
  volume = {44},
  number = {4},
  pages = {446--456},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/4VENIZXG/Grogan - 2012 - Cold season respiration across a low arctic landsc.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/CCRUG559/1938-4246-44.4.html}
}

@article{guerraGlobalHotspotsSoil2022,
  title = {Global Hotspots for Soil Nature Conservation},
  author = {Guerra, Carlos A. and Berdugo, Miguel and Eldridge, David J. and Eisenhauer, Nico and Singh, Brajesh K. and Cui, Haiying and Abades, Sebastian and Alfaro, Fernando D. and Bamigboye, Adebola R. and Bastida, Felipe and {Blanco-Pastor}, Jos{\'e} L. and {de los R{\'i}os}, Asunci{\'o}n and Dur{\'a}n, Jorge and Grebenc, Tine and Ill{\'a}n, Javier G. and Liu, Yu-Rong and Makhalanyane, Thulani P. and Mamet, Steven and {Molina-Montenegro}, Marco A. and Moreno, Jos{\'e} L. and Mukherjee, Arpan and Nahberger, Tina U. and {Pe{\~n}aloza-Bojac{\'a}}, Gabriel F. and Plaza, C{\'e}sar and Pic{\'o}, Sergio and Verma, Jay Prakash and Rey, Ana and Rodr{\'i}guez, Alexandra and Tedersoo, Leho and Teixido, Alberto L. and {Torres-D{\'i}az}, Cristian and Trivedi, Pankaj and Wang, Juntao and Wang, Ling and Wang, Jianyong and Zaady, Eli and Zhou, Xiaobing and Zhou, Xin-Quan and {Delgado-Baquerizo}, Manuel},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Nature},
  pages = {1--6},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-022-05292-x},
  urldate = {2022-10-14},
  abstract = {Soils are the foundation of all terrestrial ecosystems1. However, unlike for plants and animals, a global assessment of hotspots for soil nature conservation is still lacking2. This hampers our ability to establish nature~conservation priorities for the multiple dimensions that support the soil system: from soil biodiversity to ecosystem services. Here, to identify global hotspots for soil nature conservation, we performed a global field survey that includes observations of biodiversity (archaea, bacteria, fungi, protists and invertebrates) and functions (critical for six ecosystem services) in 615 composite samples of topsoil from a standardized survey in all continents. We found that each of the different ecological dimensions of soils---that is, species richness (alpha diversity, measured as amplicon sequence variants), community dissimilarity and ecosystem services---peaked in contrasting regions of the planet, and were associated with different environmental factors. Temperate ecosystems showed the highest species richness, whereas community dissimilarity peaked in the tropics, and colder high-latitudinal ecosystems were identified as hotspots of ecosystem services. These findings highlight the complexities that are involved in simultaneously protecting multiple ecological dimensions of soil. We further show that most of these hotspots are not adequately covered by protected areas (more than 70\%), and are vulnerable in the context of several scenarios of global change. Our global estimation of priorities for soil nature conservation highlights the importance of accounting for the multidimensionality of soil biodiversity and ecosystem services to conserve soils for future generations.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biodiversity,Biogeography,Conservation biology,Macroecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05292-x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/CFQ6HWM9/Guerra et al. - 2022 - Global hotspots for soil nature conservation.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/S4LZGDAG/s41586-022-05292-x.html}
}

@article{guittarCanTraitPatterns2016,
  title = {Can Trait Patterns along Gradients Predict Plant Community Responses to Climate Change?},
  author = {Guittar, John and Goldberg, Deborah and Klanderud, Kari and Telford, Richard J and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Ecology},
  volume = {97},
  number = {10},
  pages = {2791--2801},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{haganPlantTraitsAlone2023,
  title = {Plant Traits Alone Are Good Predictors of Ecosystem Properties When Used Carefully},
  author = {Hagan, James G. and Henn, Jonathan J. and Osterman, Wilhelm H. A.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
  pages = {1--3},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2397-334X},
  doi = {10.1038/s41559-022-01920-x},
  urldate = {2023-01-18},
  copyright = {2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biodiversity,Community ecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01920-x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/4FAP73HU/Hagan et al. - 2023 - Plant traits alone are good predictors of ecosyste.pdf}
}

@article{hagedornShorttermResponsesEcosystem2010,
  title = {Short-Term Responses of Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes to Experimental Soil Warming at the {{Swiss}} Alpine Treeline},
  author = {Hagedorn, Frank and Martin, Melissa and Rixen, Christian and Rusch, Silvan and Bebi, Peter and Z{\"u}rcher, Alois and Siegwolf, Rolf TW and Wipf, Sonja and Escape, Christophe and Roy, Jacques and others},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Biogeochemistry},
  volume = {97},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7--19},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{halbritterHandbookStandardizedField2020,
  title = {The Handbook for Standardized Field and Laboratory Measurements in Terrestrial Climate Change Experiments and Observational Studies ({{ClimEx}})},
  author = {Halbritter, Aud H. and De Boeck, Hans J. and Eycott, Amy E. and Reinsch, Sabine and Robinson, David A. and Vicca, Sara and Berauer, Bernd and Christiansen, Casper T. and Estiarte, Marc and Gr{\"u}nzweig, Jos{\'e} M. and Gya, Ragnhild and Hansen, Karin and Jentsch, Anke and Lee, Hanna and Linder, Sune and Marshall, John and Pe{\~n}uelas, Josep and Kappel Schmidt, Inger and {Stuart-Ha{\"e}ntjens}, Ellen and Wilfahrt, Peter and Group, the ClimMani Working and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22--37},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.13331},
  urldate = {2023-01-30},
  abstract = {Climate change is a world-wide threat to biodiversity and ecosystem structure, functioning and services. To understand the underlying drivers and mechanisms, and to predict the consequences for nature and people, we urgently need better understanding of the direction and magnitude of climate change impacts across the soil--plant--atmosphere continuum. An increasing number of climate change studies are creating new opportunities for meaningful and high-quality generalizations and improved process understanding. However, significant challenges exist related to data availability and/or compatibility across studies, compromising opportunities for data re-use, synthesis and upscaling. Many of these challenges relate to a lack of an established `best practice' for measuring key impacts and responses. This restrains our current understanding of complex processes and mechanisms in terrestrial ecosystems related to climate change. To overcome these challenges, we collected best-practice methods emerging from major ecological research networks and experiments, as synthesized by 115 experts from across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Our handbook contains guidance on the selection of response variables for different purposes, protocols for standardized measurements of 66 such response variables and advice on data management. Specifically, we recommend a minimum subset of variables that should be collected in all climate change studies to allow data re-use and synthesis, and give guidance on additional variables critical for different types of synthesis and upscaling. The goal of this community effort is to facilitate awareness of the importance and broader application of standardized methods to promote data re-use, availability, compatibility and transparency. We envision improved research practices that will increase returns on investments in individual research projects, facilitate second-order research outputs and create opportunities for collaboration across scientific communities. Ultimately, this should significantly improve the quality and impact of the science, which is required to fulfil society's needs in a changing world.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {best practice,coordinated experiments,data management and documentation,ecosystem,experimental macroecology,methodology,open science,vegetation},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.13331}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/LMF5WA95/Halbritter et al. - 2020 - The handbook for standardized field and laboratory.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/RXLP4V3U/2041-210X.html}
}

@article{halbritterHandbookStandardizedField2020a,
  title = {The Handbook for Standardized Field and Laboratory Measurements in Terrestrial Climate Change Experiments and Observational Studies ({{ClimEx}})},
  author = {Halbritter, Aud H. and De Boeck, Hans J. and Eycott, Amy E. and Reinsch, Sabine and Robinson, David A. and Vicca, Sara and Berauer, Bernd and Christiansen, Casper T. and Estiarte, Marc and Gr{\"u}nzweig, Jos{\'e} M. and Gya, Ragnhild and Hansen, Karin and Jentsch, Anke and Lee, Hanna and Linder, Sune and Marshall, John and Pe{\~n}uelas, Josep and Kappel Schmidt, Inger and {Stuart-Ha{\"e}ntjens}, Ellen and Wilfahrt, Peter and Group, the ClimMani Working and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {22--37},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.13331},
  urldate = {2024-10-25},
  abstract = {Climate change is a world-wide threat to biodiversity and ecosystem structure, functioning and services. To understand the underlying drivers and mechanisms, and to predict the consequences for nature and people, we urgently need better understanding of the direction and magnitude of climate change impacts across the soil--plant--atmosphere continuum. An increasing number of climate change studies are creating new opportunities for meaningful and high-quality generalizations and improved process understanding. However, significant challenges exist related to data availability and/or compatibility across studies, compromising opportunities for data re-use, synthesis and upscaling. Many of these challenges relate to a lack of an established `best practice' for measuring key impacts and responses. This restrains our current understanding of complex processes and mechanisms in terrestrial ecosystems related to climate change. To overcome these challenges, we collected best-practice methods emerging from major ecological research networks and experiments, as synthesized by 115 experts from across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Our handbook contains guidance on the selection of response variables for different purposes, protocols for standardized measurements of 66 such response variables and advice on data management. Specifically, we recommend a minimum subset of variables that should be collected in all climate change studies to allow data re-use and synthesis, and give guidance on additional variables critical for different types of synthesis and upscaling. The goal of this community effort is to facilitate awareness of the importance and broader application of standardized methods to promote data re-use, availability, compatibility and transparency. We envision improved research practices that will increase returns on investments in individual research projects, facilitate second-order research outputs and create opportunities for collaboration across scientific communities. Ultimately, this should significantly improve the quality and impact of the science, which is required to fulfil society's needs in a changing world.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2019 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {best practice,coordinated experiments,data management and documentation,ecosystem,experimental macroecology,methodology,open science,vegetation},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.13331}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/8Q8ARG6C/Halbritter et al. - 2020 - The handbook for standardized field and laboratory measurements in terrestrial climate change experi.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/299QH5SD/2041-210X.html}
}

@article{halbritterPlantTraitVegetation2024,
  title = {Plant Trait and Vegetation Data along a 1314 m Elevation Gradient with Fire History in {{Puna}} Grasslands, {{Per{\'u}}}},
  author = {Halbritter, Aud H. and Vandvik, Vigdis and Cotner, Sehoya H. and {Farfan-Rios}, William and Maitner, Brian S. and Michaletz, Sean T. and Oliveras Menor, Imma and Telford, Richard J. and Ccahuana, Adam and Cruz, Rudi and {Sallo-Bravo}, Jhonatan and {Santos-Andrade}, Paul Efren and {Vilca-Bustamante}, Lucely L. and Castorena, Matiss and {Chac{\'o}n-Labella}, Julia and Christiansen, Casper Tai and Duran, Sandra M. and Egelkraut, Dagmar D. and Gya, Ragnhild and Haugum, Siri Vats{\o} and Seltzer, Lorah and Silman, Miles R. and Strydom, Tanya and Spiegel, Marcus P. and Barros, Agustina and Birkeli, Kristine and Boakye, Mickey and Chiappero, Fernanda and Chmurzynski, Adam and Garen, Josef C. and Gaudard, Joseph and Gauthier, Tasha-Leigh J. and Geange, Sonya R. and Gonzales, Fiorella N. and Henn, Jonathan J. and Ho{\v s}kov{\'a}, Krist{\'y}na and Isaksen, Anders and Jessup, Laura H. and Johnson, Will and Kusch, Erik and Lepley, Kai and Lift, Mackenzie and Martyn, Trace E. and Mu{\~n}oz Mazon, Miguel and Middleton, Sara L. and Quinteros Casaverde, Natalia L. and Navarro, Jocelyn and Zepeda, Ver{\'o}nica and {Ocampo-Zuleta}, Korina and {Palomino-Cardenas}, Andrea Carmeli and Pastor Ploskonka, Samuel and Pierfederici, Maria Elisa and Pinelli, Ver{\'o}nica and Rickenback, Jess and Roos, Ruben E. and Rui, Hilde Stokland and Sanchez Diaz, Eugenia and {S{\'a}nchez-Tapia}, Andrea and Smith, Alyssa and {Urquiaga-Flores}, Erickson and {von Oppen}, Jonathan and Enquist, Brian J.},
  year = {2024},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {225},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-024-02980-3},
  urldate = {2024-07-22},
  abstract = {Alpine grassland vegetation supports globally important biodiversity and ecosystems that are increasingly threatened by climate warming and other environmental changes. Trait-based approaches can support understanding of vegetation responses to global change drivers and consequences for ecosystem functioning. In six sites along a 1314\,m elevational gradient in Puna grasslands in the Peruvian Andes, we collected datasets on vascular plant composition, plant functional traits, biomass, ecosystem fluxes, and climate data over three years. The data were collected in the wet and dry season and from plots with different fire histories. We selected traits associated with plant resource use, growth, and life history strategies (leaf area, leaf dry/wet mass, leaf thickness, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf C, N, P content, C and N isotopes). The trait dataset contains 3,665 plant records from 145 taxa, 54,036 trait measurements (increasing the trait data coverage of the regional flora by 420\%) covering 14 traits and 121 plant taxa (ca. 40\% of which have no previous publicly available trait data) across 33 families.},
  copyright = {2024 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Ecology,Ecophysiology,Ecosystem ecology,Grassland ecology,Plant sciences},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-024-02980-3}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/UT59IFY4/Halbritter et al. - 2024 - Plant trait and vegetation data along a 1314 m ele.pdf}
}

@article{happonenRelationshipsAbovegroundPlant2022,
  title = {Relationships between Above-Ground Plant Traits and Carbon Cycling in Tundra Plant Communities},
  author = {Happonen, Konsta and Virkkala, Anna-Maria and Kemppinen, Julia and Niittynen, Pekka and Luoto, Miska},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  volume = {110},
  number = {3},
  pages = {700--716},
  issn = {1365-2745},
  doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.13832},
  urldate = {2023-10-27},
  abstract = {The trait composition and trait diversity of plant communities are globally applicable predictors of ecosystem functioning. Yet, it is unclear how plant traits influence carbon cycling. This is an important question in the tundra where vegetation shifts are occurring across the entire biome, and where soil organic carbon stocks are large and vulnerable to environmental change. To study how plant traits affect carbon cycling in the tundra, we built a model that explained carbon cycling (above-ground and soil organic carbon stocks, and photosynthetic and respiratory fluxes) with abiotic conditions (air temperature and soil moisture), and the averages and within-community variabilities of three above-ground traits: plant height, leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and SLA. These functional parameters were represented by abundance-weighted means and standard deviations of species traits. The data were collected from an observational study setting from northern Finland. The explanatory power of the models was relatively high, but a large part of variation in soil organic carbon stocks remained unexplained. Average plant height was the strongest predictor of all carbon cycling variables except soil carbon stocks. Communities of larger plants were associated with larger CO2 fluxes and above-ground carbon stocks. Communities with fast leaf economics (i.e. high SLA and low LDMC) had higher photosynthesis, ecosystem respiration and soil organic carbon stocks. Within-community variability in plant height, SLA and LDMC affected ecosystem functions differently. Variability in SLA and LDMC increased CO2 fluxes and soil organic carbon stocks, while variability in height increased the above-ground carbon stock. The contributions of within-community trait variability metrics to ecosystem functioning within the study area were about as important as those of average SLA and LDMC. Synthesis. Plant height, SLA and LDMC have clear effects on tundra carbon cycling. The importance of within-community trait variability highlights a potentially important mechanism controlling the vast tundra carbon pools that should be better recognized. More research on root traits and decomposer communities is needed to understand the below-ground mechanisms regulating carbon cycling in the tundra.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alpine,Arctic,biodiversity,ecosystem functions and services,functional traits},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2745.13832}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/9MX3NFCZ/Happonen et al. - 2022 - Relationships between above-ground plant traits an.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/IYGCHYXS/1365-2745.html}
}

@article{harteSynthesisNewtonianDarwinian2002,
  title = {Toward a Synthesis of the {{Newtonian}} and {{Darwinian}} Worldviews},
  author = {Harte, John},
  year = {2002},
  journal = {Physics Today},
  volume = {29},
  pages = {29--34}
}

@article{hartleyResponseOrganicMatter2010,
  title = {The Response of Organic Matter Mineralisation to Nutrient and Substrate Additions in Sub-Arctic Soils},
  author = {Hartley, Iain P. and Hopkins, David W. and Sommerkorn, Martin and Wookey, Philip A.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Soil Biology and Biochemistry},
  volume = {42},
  number = {1},
  pages = {92--100},
  issn = {0038-0717}
}

@article{heDatadrivenEstimatesGlobal2021,
  title = {Data-Driven Estimates of Global Litter Production Imply Slower Vegetation Carbon Turnover},
  author = {He, Yue and Wang, Xuhui and Wang, Kai and Tang, Shuchang and Xu, Hao and Chen, Anping and Ciais, Philippe and Li, Xiangyi and Pe{\~n}uelas, Josep and Piao, Shilong},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {27},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1678--1688},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.15515},
  urldate = {2023-08-14},
  abstract = {Accurate quantification of vegetation carbon turnover time ({$\tau$}veg) is critical for reducing uncertainties in terrestrial vegetation response to future climate change. However, in the absence of global information of litter production, {$\tau$}veg could only be estimated based on net primary productivity under the steady-state assumption. Here, we applied a machine-learning approach to derive a global dataset of litter production by linking 2401 field observations and global environmental drivers. Results suggested that the observation-based estimate of global natural ecosystem litter production was 44.3 {\textpm} 0.4 Pg C year-1. By contrast, land-surface models (LSMs) overestimated the global litter production by about 27\%. With this new global litter production dataset, we estimated global {$\tau$}veg (mean value 10.3 {\textpm} 1.4 years) and its spatial distribution. Compared to our observation-based {$\tau$}veg, modelled {$\tau$}veg tended to underestimate {$\tau$}veg at high latitudes. Our empirically derived gridded datasets of litter production and {$\tau$}veg will help constrain global vegetation models and improve the prediction of global carbon cycle.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2021 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {boosted regression trees,land-surface models,litter production,vegetation carbon stock,vegetation carbon turnover time},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.15515}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/YK74WRHK/He et al. - 2021 - Data-driven estimates of global litter production .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/8X68Q6KT/gcb.html}
}

@article{heegaardClimateChangeAffects2004,
  title = {Climate Change Affects the Outcome of Competitive Interactions---an Application of Principal Response Curves},
  author = {Heegaard, Einar and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {Oecologia},
  volume = {139},
  number = {3},
  pages = {459--466},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{heFireKeyDriver2019,
  title = {Fire as a Key Driver of {{Earth}}'s Biodiversity},
  author = {He, Tianhua and Lamont, Byron B and Pausas, Juli G},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Biological Reviews},
  volume = {94},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1983--2010},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{hickspriesWholesoilCarbonFlux2017,
  title = {The Whole-Soil Carbon Flux in Response to Warming},
  author = {Hicks Pries, Caitlin E. and Castanha, C. and Porras, R. C. and Torn, M. S.},
  year = {2017},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {355},
  number = {6332},
  pages = {1420--1423},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.aal1319},
  urldate = {2024-07-22},
  abstract = {Soil organic carbon harbors three times as much carbon as Earth's atmosphere, and its decomposition is a potentially large climate change feedback and major source of uncertainty in climate projections. The response of whole-soil profiles to warming has not been tested in situ. In a deep warming experiment in mineral soil, we found that CO2 production from all soil depths increased with 4{$^\circ$}C warming; annual soil respiration increased by 34 to 37\%. All depths responded to warming with similar temperature sensitivities, driven by decomposition of decadal-aged carbon. Whole-soil warming reveals a larger soil respiration response than many in situ experiments (most of which only warm the surface soil) and models.},
  keywords = {The fundamentals: understanding the climate change crisis},
  note = {\url{https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aal1319}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/FSGC9R5A/Hicks Pries et al. - 2017 - The whole-soil carbon flux in response to warming.pdf}
}

@article{hiltonSimulatingInternationalDrought2019,
  title = {Simulating {{International Drought Experiment}} Field Observations Using the {{Community Land Model}}},
  author = {Hilton, Timothy W. and Loik, Michael E. and Campbell, J. Elliott},
  year = {2019},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  volume = {266--267},
  pages = {173--183},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.12.016},
  urldate = {2023-01-30},
  abstract = {Anthropogenic climate change will alter regional hydrologic cycles around the world, in part by increasing the frequency or duration of droughts in some areas. The International Drought Experiment (IDE) is investigating the impact of severe drought on terrestrial vegetation by experimentally reducing precipitation at dozens of sites. Here we implement the IDE precipitation reduction protocol using the Community Land Model (CLM). Though many model results suggest that carbon fertilization will outpace drought-caused reduction of terrestrial carbon uptake, uncertainty is large. We therefore configure CLM to consider carbon cycling impacts of reduced moisture availability without intertwining the effects of carbon fertilization or phenological changes. California hosts a number of IDE sites and a wide range of topography, climate, and biomes. CMIP5 predictions suggest 21st century California will experience droughts in excess of the 1000-year climatological record for both frequency and magnitude. CLM suggests that some regions, including much of Northern California, may experience a steeper decline in gross primary productivity (GPP) during 21st century severe droughts than during 20th century severe droughts. Vegetation in Northern California experiences virtually all of this GPP reduction during the dry season, with little wet season GPP reduction even during severe drought. Southern California vegetation experiences soil moisture GPP limitation at virtually all times, increasing substantially with drought severity. Southern California should experience a more pronounced shift in GPP seasonality and decline in magnitude relative to Northern California during droughts. Some parts of every vegetated continent see changes to drought response and seasonality similar to Southern California. Our CLM results provide drought impacts that forthcoming IDE field observations may test, can help to spatially upscale site-based IDE observations of drought impact, and provide CLM's prediction of reduced precipitation impacts per unit leaf area index.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {CLM,Community Land Model,Drought,GPP,IDE,International Drought Experiment},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016819231830409X}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/UXFRDAXM/Hilton et al. - 2019 - Simulating International Drought Experiment field .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/N9SDFYTT/S016819231830409X.html}
}

@article{hoeksMadingleyRPackageMechanistic2021,
  title = {{{MadingleyR}}: {{An R}} Package for Mechanistic Ecosystem Modelling},
  shorttitle = {{{MadingleyR}}},
  author = {Hoeks, Selwyn and Tucker, Marlee A. and Huijbregts, Mark A. J. and Harfoot, Mike B. J. and Bithell, Mike and Santini, Luca},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  volume = {30},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1922--1933},
  issn = {1466-8238},
  doi = {10.1111/geb.13354},
  urldate = {2023-01-31},
  abstract = {Aim Mechanistic general ecosystem models are used to explore fundamental ecological dynamics and to assess possible consequences of anthropogenic and natural disturbances on ecosystems. The Madingley model is a mechanistic general ecosystem model (GEM) that simulates a coherent global ecosystem, consisting of photo-autotrophic and heterotrophic life, based on fundamental ecological processes. The C++ implementation of the Madingley model delivers fast computational performance, but it (a) limits the userbase to researchers that are familiar with the intricacies of C++ programming, (b) has limited possibility to change model settings and provide model outputs required to address specific research questions, and (c) has limited reproducibility of simulation experiments. The aim of this paper is to present an R package of the Madingley model to aid with increasing the accessibility and flexibility of the model. Innovation The MadingleyR R package streamlines the installation procedure and supports all major operating systems. MadingleyR enables users to combine multiple consecutive simulations, making case study specific modifications to MadingleyR objects along the way. Default input files are available from the package and study-specific inputs can be easily loaded from the R environment. MadingleyR also provides functions to plot and summarize MadingleyR outputs. We provide a comprehensive description of the MadingleyR functions and workflow. We also demonstrate the applicability of the MadingleyR package using three case studies: (a) simulating the cascading effects of the loss of mega-herbivores on food-web structure, (b) simulating the impacts of increased land-use intensity on the total biomass of different feeding guilds by restricting the total vegetation biomass available for feeding and (c) simulating the impacts of an intensive land-use scenario on a continental scale. Main conclusions The MadingleyR package provides direct accessibility to simulations with the mechanistic ecosystem model Madingley and is flexible in its application without a loss in performance.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {accessibility,C++,general ecosystem model,Madingley model,process-based modelling,R package,reproducibility},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/geb.13354}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/36RPIVVE/Hoeks et al. - 2021 - MadingleyR An R package for mechanistic ecosystem.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/IE8YM63T/geb.html}
}

@article{hubbardSeasonalPatternsSoil2005,
  title = {Seasonal Patterns in Soil Surface {{CO}} 2 Flux under Snow Cover in 50 and 300 Year Old Subalpine Forests},
  author = {Hubbard, Robert M and Ryan, Michael G and Elder, Kelly and Rhoades, Charles C},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {Biogeochemistry},
  volume = {73},
  number = {1},
  pages = {93--107},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{huppiRestrictingNonlinearityParameter2018,
  title = {Restricting the Nonlinearity Parameter in Soil Greenhouse Gas Flux Calculation for More Reliable Flux Estimates},
  author = {H{\"u}ppi, Roman and Felber, Raphael and Krauss, Maike and Six, Johan and Leifeld, Jens and Fu{\ss}, Roland},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {13},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e0200876},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0200876},
  urldate = {2023-10-11},
  abstract = {The static chamber approach is often used for greenhouse gas (GHG) flux measurements, whereby the flux is deduced from the increase of species concentration after closing the chamber. Since this increase changes diffusion gradients between chamber air and soil air, a nonlinear increase is expected. Lateral gas flow and leakages also contribute to non linearity. Several models have been suggested to account for this non linearity, the most recent being the Hutchinson--Mosier regression model (hmr). However, the practical application of these models is challenging because the researcher needs to decide for each flux whether a nonlinear fit is appropriate or exaggerates flux estimates due to measurement artifacts. In the latter case, a flux estimate from the linear model is a more robust solution and introduces less arbitrary uncertainty to the data. We present the new, dynamic and reproducible flux calculation scheme, kappa.max, for an improved trade-off between bias and uncertainty (i.e. accuracy and precision). We develop a tool to simulate, visualise and optimise the flux calculation scheme for any specific static N2O chamber measurement system. The decision procedure and visualisation tools are implemented in a package for the R software. Finally, we demonstrate with this approach the performance of the applied flux calculation scheme for a measured flux dataset to estimate the actual bias and uncertainty. The kappa.max method effectively improved the decision between linear and nonlinear flux estimates reducing the bias at a minimal cost of uncertainty.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Decision trees,Fluid dynamics,Greenhouse gases,Linear regression analysis,Nonlinear dynamics,Nonlinear systems,Simulation and modeling,Time measurement},
  note = {\url{https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200876}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/7DDIL34T/Hüppi et al. - 2018 - Restricting the nonlinearity parameter in soil gre.pdf}
}

@article{hutchinsonImprovedSoilCover1981,
  title = {Improved {{Soil Cover Method}} for {{Field Measurement}} of {{Nitrous Oxide Fluxes}}},
  author = {Hutchinson, G. L. and Mosier, A. R.},
  year = {1981},
  journal = {Soil Science Society of America Journal},
  volume = {45},
  number = {2},
  pages = {311--316},
  issn = {1435-0661},
  doi = {10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500020017x},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {Most researchers agree that soil cover methods offer the most useful approach to measuring nitrous oxide (N2O) exchange in the field, but there is little uniformity in the design of covers used by them. The cover design least subject to the potential errors associated with this approach is a vented enclosure with either closed-loop air circulation or no forced air circulation. Although the soil N2O concentration gradient beneath these covers decreases with time as the gas accumulates, this problem can be overcome by a proposed change in the equation for computing flux from the increase in head-space N2O concentration. Over a broad range of sampling conditions, N2O fluxes computed from the new equation were independent of the time allowed for N2O accumulation. Other equations were developed that predict optimum soil cover vent dimensions for effectively transmitting ambient pressure fluctuations to the enclosed space while minimizing loss of the accumulating N2O by diffusion to the outside. Soil covers with vent dimensions dictated by the equations had N2O accumulation rates significantly higher than covers with 60\% smaller vent diameters but not significantly different than covers with 60\% larger vent diameters.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 1981 Soil Science Society of America},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500020017x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/8JQVCTXJ/sssaj1981.html}
}

@book{huxleyBraveNewWorld1932,
  title = {Brave New World},
  author = {Huxley, Aldous},
  year = {1932}
}

@misc{ImplicationsEvergreenShrub,
  title = {Implications of Evergreen Shrub Expansion in the {{Arctic}} - {{Vowles}} - 2019 - {{Journal}} of {{Ecology}} - {{Wiley Online Library}}},
  urldate = {2022-10-18},
  howpublished = {\url{https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2745.13081}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/UJXCAEQ4/1365-2745.html}
}

@techreport{ipbesSummaryPolicymakersGlobal2019,
  title = {Summary for Policymakers of the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services},
  author = {IPBES},
  year = {2019},
  month = nov,
  institution = {Zenodo},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.3553579},
  urldate = {2023-01-26},
  abstract = {IPBES is an independent intergovernmental body comprising over 130 member Governments. Established by Governments in 2012, IPBES provides policymakers with objective scientific assessments about the state of knowledge regarding the planet's biodiversity, ecosystems and the contributions they make to people, as well as options and actions to protect and sustainably use these vital natural assets. The IPBES Global Assessment of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services represents the landmark product of the first work programme of IPBES (2014-2018). The Global Assessment was initiated following a decision from the IPBES Plenary at its fourth session (IPBES 4, Kuala Lumpur, 2016), and considered by the IPBES Plenary at its seventh session (IPBES 7, Paris, 2019). It is composed of a summary for policymakers, which was approved at IPBES 7, and six chapters, which were accepted at IPBES 7.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Global Assessment,Summary for policymakers},
  note = {\url{https://zenodo.org/record/3553579}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/5N7NVIVM/IPBES - 2019 - Summary for policymakers of the global assessment .pdf}
}

@article{islesMisuseRatiosEcological2020,
  title = {The Misuse of Ratios in Ecological Stoichiometry},
  author = {Isles, Peter DF},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Ecology},
  pages = {e03153},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{jasanoffTechnologiesHumility2007,
  title = {Technologies of Humility},
  author = {Jasanoff, Sheila},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {450},
  number = {7166},
  pages = {33--33},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{jasoniNetEcosystemCO22005,
  title = {Net Ecosystem {{CO2}} Exchange in {{Mojave Desert}} Shrublands during the Eighth Year of Exposure to Elevated {{CO2}}},
  author = {Jasoni, Richard L. and Smith, Stanley D. and Arnone III, John A.},
  year = {2005},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {11},
  number = {5},
  pages = {749--756},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00948.x},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {Arid ecosystems, which occupy about 35\% of the Earth's terrestrial surface area, are believed to be among the most responsive to elevated [CO2]. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was measured in the eighth year of CO2 enrichment at the Nevada Desert Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Facility between the months of December 2003--December 2004. On most dates mean daily NEE (24 h) ({$\mu$}mol CO2 m-2 s-1) of ecosystems exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 were similar to those maintained at current ambient CO2 levels. However, on sampling dates following rains, mean daily NEEs of ecosystems exposed to elevated [CO2] averaged 23 to 56\% lower than mean daily NEEs of ecosystems maintained at ambient [CO2]. Mean daily NEE varied seasonally across both CO2 treatments, increasing from about 0.1 {$\mu$}mol CO2 m-2 s-1 in December to a maximum of 0.5--0.6 {$\mu$}mol CO2 m-2 s-1 in early spring. Maximum NEE in ecosystems exposed to elevated CO2 occurred 1 month earlier than it did in ecosystems exposed to ambient CO2, with declines in both treatments to lowest seasonal levels by early October (0.09{\textpm}0.03 {$\mu$}mol CO2 m-2 s-1), but then increasing to near peak levels in late October (0.36{\textpm}0.08 {$\mu$}mol CO2 m-2 s-1), November (0.28{\textpm}0.03 {$\mu$}mol CO2 m-2 s-1), and December (0.54{\textpm}0.06 {$\mu$}mol CO2 m-2 s-1). Seasonal patterns of mean daily NEE primarily resulted from larger seasonal fluctuations in rates of daytime net ecosystem CO2 uptake which were closely tied to plant community phenology and precipitation. Photosynthesis in the autotrophic crust community (lichens, mosses, and free-living cyanobacteria) following rains were probably responsible for the high NEEs observed in January, February, and late October 2004 when vascular plant photosynthesis was low. Both CO2 treatments were net CO2 sinks in 2004, but exposure to elevated CO2 reduced CO2 sink strength by 30\% (positive net ecosystem productivity=127{\textpm}17 g C m-2 yr-1 ambient CO2 and 90{\textpm}11 g C m-2 yr-1 elevated CO2, P=0.011). This level of net C uptake rivals or exceeds levels observed in some forested and grassland ecosystems. Thus, the decrease in C sequestration seen in our study under elevated CO2-- along with the extensive coverage of arid and semi-arid ecosystems globally -- points to a significant drop in global C sequestration potential in the next several decades because of responses of heretofore overlooked dryland ecosystems.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {elevated CO2,FACE,Free-Air CO2 Enrichment,Larrea tridentata,Mojave Desert,net ecosystem CO2 flux},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00948.x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/STDUQ895/Jasoni et al. - 2005 - Net ecosystem CO2 exchange in Mojave Desert shrubl.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/7V7ZGJK5/j.1365-2486.2005.00948.html}
}

@article{jolyResolvingIntricateRole2023,
  title = {Resolving the Intricate Role of Climate in Litter Decomposition},
  author = {Joly, Fran{\c c}ois-Xavier and {Scherer-Lorenzen}, Michael and H{\"a}ttenschwiler, Stephan},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
  pages = {1--10},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2397-334X},
  doi = {10.1038/s41559-022-01948-z},
  urldate = {2023-01-18},
  abstract = {With approximately 60\,Pg of carbon (C) released as CO2 annually, the decomposition of dead organic matter feeds the major terrestrial global CO2 flux to the atmosphere. Macroclimate control over this critical C flux facilitates the parametrization of the C cycle in Earth system models and the understanding of climate change effects on the global C balance. Yet, the long-standing paradigm of climate control was recently challenged by the so far underestimated environmental heterogeneity at local scales, questioning the conceptual framework of thousands of decomposition studies and accuracy of current predictive models. Using three complementary decomposition experiments at a European scale, we showed that macroclimate and litter characteristics largely control plant litter decomposition, reaffirming the role of macroclimate as an integrative decomposition driver through direct environmental control and by influencing co-evolving local plant and decomposer communities. Neglecting this latter indirect effect, commonly used standard litter types overrated micro-environmental control and failed to predict local decomposition of plot-specific litter. Our data help clarify a key question on the regulation of the global C cycle by identifying the relative role of control factors over decomposition and the scales at which they matter and by highlighting sources of confusion in the literature.},
  copyright = {2023 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Carbon cycle,Ecosystem ecology,Forest ecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01948-z}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/XU7C5AGB/Joly et al. - 2023 - Resolving the intricate role of climate in litter .pdf}
}

@manual{jurasinskiFluxFluxRate2022,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Flux: {{Flux}} Rate Calculation from Dynamic Closed Chamber Measurements},
  author = {Jurasinski, Gerald and Koebsch, Franziska and Guenther, Anke and Beetz, Sascha},
  year = {2022},
  note = {\url{https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=flux}}
}

@article{karrWhenGovernmentIgnores2006,
  title = {When Government Ignores Science, Scientists Should Speak Up},
  author = {Karr, James R},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {BioScience},
  volume = {56},
  number = {4},
  pages = {287--288},
  publisher = {American Institute of Biological Sciences}
}

@article{kelseyWinterSnowSpring2021,
  title = {Winter Snow and Spring Temperature Have Differential Effects on Vegetation Phenology and Productivity across {{Arctic}} Plant Communities},
  author = {Kelsey, Katharine C and Pedersen, Stine H{\o}jlund and Leffler, A Joshua and Sexton, Joseph O and Feng, Min and Welker, Jeffrey M},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {27},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1572--1586},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{keuskampTeaBagIndex2013,
  title = {Tea {{Bag Index}}: A Novel Approach to Collect Uniform Decomposition Data across Ecosystems},
  shorttitle = {Tea {{Bag Index}}},
  author = {Keuskamp, Joost A. and Dingemans, Bas J. J. and Lehtinen, Taru and Sarneel, Judith M. and Hefting, Mariet M.},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {4},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1070--1075},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.12097},
  urldate = {2023-02-01},
  abstract = {Changes in the balance between soil carbon storage and release can significantly amplify or attenuate global warming. Although a lot of progress has been made in determining potential drivers of carbon release through large-scale decomposition experiments, climate predictions are still hampered by data limitation at a global scale as a result of high effort and measurement costs of comparative litter decomposition studies. We introduce an innovative, cost-effective, well-standardised method to gather data on decomposition rate and litter stabilisation using commercially available tea bags as standardised test kits. By using two tea types with contrasting decomposability, we can construct a decomposition curve using a single measurement in time. The acquired Tea Bag Index (TBI) consists of two parameters describing decomposition rate (k) and litter stabilisation factor (S). The method was tested for its sensitivity and robustness in contrasting ecosystems and biomes, confirming that the TBI is sensitive enough to discriminate between these systems. Within an ecosystem, TBI is responsive to differences in abiotic circumstances such as soil temperature and moisture content. The collected k and S values are in accordance with expectations based on decomposition process literature. They are therefore interpretable within the current knowledge framework. Tea Bag Index is a unique, multifunctional method requiring few resources and minimal prior knowledge. The standardisation and simplicity of the method make it possible to collect comparable, globally distributed data through crowdsourcing. TBI can further provide an excellent decomposition reference and has the potential to increase reliability of soil carbon flux estimates based on extrapolations of decomposition data.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,crowdsourcing,field sampling,green tea,litter bag,litter decomposition,microbial ecology,rooibos tea},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.12097}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/7YE486CC/Keuskamp et al. - 2013 - Tea Bag Index a novel approach to collect uniform.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/9VC8DPLE/2041-210X.html}
}

@article{keuskampTeaBagIndex2013a,
  title = {Tea {{Bag Index}}: A Novel Approach to Collect Uniform Decomposition Data across Ecosystems},
  shorttitle = {Tea {{Bag Index}}},
  author = {Keuskamp, Joost A. and Dingemans, Bas J. J. and Lehtinen, Taru and Sarneel, Judith M. and Hefting, Mariet M.},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {4},
  number = {11},
  pages = {1070--1075},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.12097},
  urldate = {2024-06-13},
  abstract = {Changes in the balance between soil carbon storage and release can significantly amplify or attenuate global warming. Although a lot of progress has been made in determining potential drivers of carbon release through large-scale decomposition experiments, climate predictions are still hampered by data limitation at a global scale as a result of high effort and measurement costs of comparative litter decomposition studies. We introduce an innovative, cost-effective, well-standardised method to gather data on decomposition rate and litter stabilisation using commercially available tea bags as standardised test kits. By using two tea types with contrasting decomposability, we can construct a decomposition curve using a single measurement in time. The acquired Tea Bag Index (TBI) consists of two parameters describing decomposition rate (k) and litter stabilisation factor (S). The method was tested for its sensitivity and robustness in contrasting ecosystems and biomes, confirming that the TBI is sensitive enough to discriminate between these systems. Within an ecosystem, TBI is responsive to differences in abiotic circumstances such as soil temperature and moisture content. The collected k and S values are in accordance with expectations based on decomposition process literature. They are therefore interpretable within the current knowledge framework. Tea Bag Index is a unique, multifunctional method requiring few resources and minimal prior knowledge. The standardisation and simplicity of the method make it possible to collect comparable, globally distributed data through crowdsourcing. TBI can further provide an excellent decomposition reference and has the potential to increase reliability of soil carbon flux estimates based on extrapolations of decomposition data.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2013 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution {\copyright} 2013 British Ecological Society},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,crowdsourcing,field sampling,green tea,litter bag,litter decomposition,microbial ecology,rooibos tea},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.12097}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/JDXF8V9E/Keuskamp et al. - 2013 - Tea Bag Index a novel approach to collect uniform.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/9NTMEGP7/2041-210X.html}
}

@article{kinarMeasurementPhysicalProperties2015,
  title = {Measurement of the Physical Properties of the Snowpack},
  author = {Kinar, {\relax NJ} and Pomeroy, {\relax JW}},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Reviews of Geophysics},
  volume = {53},
  number = {2},
  pages = {481--544},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{kirschbaumTemperatureDependenceSoil1995,
  title = {The Temperature Dependence of Soil Organic Matter Decomposition, and the Effect of Global Warming on Soil Organic {{C}} Storage},
  author = {Kirschbaum, Miko UF},
  year = {1995},
  journal = {Soil Biology and biochemistry},
  volume = {27},
  number = {6},
  pages = {753--760},
  publisher = {Elsevier}
}

@article{klanderudImportanceBioticVs2015,
  title = {The Importance of Biotic vs. Abiotic Drivers of Local Plant Community Composition along Regional Bioclimatic Gradients},
  author = {Klanderud, Kari and Vandvik, Vigdis and Goldberg, Deborah},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {PloS one},
  volume = {10},
  number = {6},
  pages = {e0130205},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science}
}

@article{klanderudVitalRatesEarly,
  title = {Vital Rates in Early Life-History Underlie Shifts in Biotic Interactions along Bioclimatic Gradients: An Experimental Test of the {{Stress Gradient Hypothesis}}},
  author = {Klanderud, Kari and Meineri, Eric and Goldberg, Deborah E and Michel, Pascale and Berge, Astrid and Guittar, John L and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  journal = {Journal of Vegetation Science},
  pages = {e13006},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{knowlesWetMeadowEcosystems2016,
  title = {Wet Meadow Ecosystems Contribute the Majority of Overwinter Soil Respiration from Snow-Scoured Alpine Tundra},
  author = {Knowles, John F and Blanken, Peter D and Williams, Mark W},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  volume = {121},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1118--1130},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{koltzHerbivoresArcticEcosystems2022,
  title = {Herbivores in {{Arctic}} Ecosystems: {{Effects}} of Climate Change and Implications for Carbon and Nutrient Cycling},
  shorttitle = {Herbivores in {{Arctic}} Ecosystems},
  author = {Koltz, Amanda M. and Gough, Laura and McLaren, Jennie R.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {1516},
  number = {1},
  pages = {28--47},
  issn = {1749-6632},
  doi = {10.1111/nyas.14863},
  urldate = {2022-11-04},
  abstract = {Arctic terrestrial herbivores influence tundra carbon and nutrient dynamics through their consumption of resources, waste production, and habitat-modifying behaviors. The strength of these effects is likely to change spatially and temporally as climate change drives shifts in herbivore abundance, distribution, and activity timing. Here, we review how herbivores influence tundra carbon and nutrient dynamics through their consumptive and nonconsumptive effects. We also present evidence for herbivore responses to climate change and discuss how these responses may alter the spatial and temporal distribution of herbivore impacts. Several current knowledge gaps limit our understanding of the changing functional roles of herbivores; these include limited characterization of the spatial and temporal variability in herbivore impacts and of how herbivore activities influence the cycling of elements beyond carbon. We conclude by highlighting approaches that will promote better understanding of herbivore effects on tundra ecosystems, including their integration into existing biogeochemical models, new applications of remote sensing techniques, and the continued use of distributed experiments.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {consumptive effects,element cycling,nonconsumptive effects,species interactions,tundra},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nyas.14863}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GS5CSKC7/Koltz et al. - 2022 - Herbivores in Arctic ecosystems Effects of climat.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/DAVZ8L9S/nyas.html}
}

@article{korellWeNeedMore2020,
  title = {We Need More Realistic Climate Change Experiments for Understanding Ecosystems of the Future},
  author = {Korell, Lotte and Auge, Harald and Chase, Jonathan M. and Harpole, Stanley and Knight, Tiffany M.},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {26},
  number = {2},
  pages = {325--327},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.14797},
  urldate = {2023-01-30},
  abstract = {Experiments that alter local climate and measure community- and ecosystem-level responses are an important tool for understanding how future ecosystems will respond to climate change. Here, we synthesized data from 76 studies that manipulated climate and measured plant community responses, and found that most climate change experiments do not correspond to model-projected climate scenarios for their respective regions. This mismatch constrains our ability to predict responses of plant biodiversity and ecosystem functions to climate change, and we conclude with suggestions for a way forward. See also the Commentary on this article by Muller et al., 26, e4--e5 and De Boeck et al.,26, e6--e7.},
  keywords = {biodiversity,climate change,climate change experiments,climate projections,ecosystem functioning,global circulation models,terrestrial ecosystems},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.14797}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GDIY7LFW/Korell et al. - 2020 - We need more realistic climate change experiments .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/5353M7RV/gcb.html}
}

@article{korellWeNeedMore2020a,
  title = {We Need More Realistic Climate Change Experiments for Understanding Ecosystems of the Future},
  author = {Korell, Lotte and Auge, Harald and Chase, Jonathan M and Harpole, Stanley and Knight, Tiffany M},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {26},
  number = {2},
  pages = {325--327},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{kougioumoutzisPlantDiversityPatterns2020,
  title = {Plant {{Diversity Patterns}} and {{Conservation Implications}} under {{Climate-Change Scenarios}} in the {{Mediterranean}}: {{The Case}} of {{Crete}} ({{Aegean}}, {{Greece}})},
  author = {Kougioumoutzis, Konstantinos and Kokkoris, Ioannis P and Panitsa, Maria and Trigas, Panayiotis and Strid, Arne and Dimopoulos, Panayotis},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Diversity},
  volume = {12},
  number = {7},
  pages = {270},
  publisher = {Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute}
}

@article{koyamaCarbonDegradingEnzymeActivities2013,
  title = {Carbon-{{Degrading Enzyme Activities Stimulated}} by {{Increased Nutrient Availability}} in {{Arctic Tundra Soils}}},
  author = {Koyama, Akihiro and Wallenstein, Matthew D. and Simpson, Rodney T. and Moore, John C. and Shah, Vishal},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {PLoS ONE},
  volume = {8},
  number = {10},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science}
}

@article{kramerGrowRImplementationVegetation2024,
  title = {{{growR}}: {{R Implementation}} of the {{Vegetation Model ModVege}}},
  shorttitle = {{{growR}}},
  author = {Kramer, Kevin P. and Calanca, Pierluigi},
  year = {2024},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {9},
  number = {94},
  pages = {6260},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.06260},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {Kramer et al., (2024). growR: R Implementation of the Vegetation Model ModVege. Journal of Open Source Software, 9(94), 6260, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.06260},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.06260}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/ECXV5Y64/Kramer and Calanca - 2024 - growR R Implementation of the Vegetation Model Mo.pdf}
}

@article{kuhnSeeingRootsSpace2022,
  title = {Seeing Roots from Space: Aboveground Fingerprints of Root Depth in Vegetation Sensitivity to Climate in Dry Biomes},
  shorttitle = {Seeing Roots from Space},
  author = {K{\"u}hn, Nicola and Spiegel, Marcus P and Tovar, Carolina and Willis, Kathy J. and {Macias-Fauria}, Marc},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac9d4f},
  urldate = {2022-11-10},
  abstract = {With predicted climate change, drylands are set to get warmer and drier, increasing water stress for the vegetation in these regions. Plant sensitivity to drier periods and drought events will largely depend on trait strategies to access and store water, often linked to the root system. However, understanding the role of below-ground traits in enhancing ecological resilience to these climate changes remains poorly understood. We present the results of a study in southern Africa where we analysed the relationship between root depth and the Vegetation Sensitivity Index (VSI) (after Seddon, Macias-Fauria et al. (2016)). VSI demonstrates remotely-sensed aboveground vegetation responses to climate variability; thus our study compares aboveground vegetation responses to belowground root traits. Results showed a significant negative relationship between root depth and vegetation sensitivity. Deeper roots provided greater resistance to climate variability as shown by lower sensitivity and higher temporal autocorrelation in vegetation greenness (as measured by the Enhanced Vegetation Index, EVI). Additionally, we demonstrated a link between deeper roots and depth to groundwater, further suggesting that it is the ability of deeper roots to enable access to groundwater that provides ecological resistance to climate variability. Our results therefore provide important empirical evidence that the ability to access deeper water resources during times of lower water availability through deeper roots, is a key trait for dryland vegetation in the face of future climate change. We also show that belowground traits in drylands leave a fingerprint on aboveground, remotely-sensed plant-climate interactions, an important finding to aid in scaling up data-scarce belowground research.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac9d4f}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/EGH64QCS/Kühn et al. - 2022 - Seeing roots from space aboveground fingerprints .pdf}
}

@article{kuhnSeeingRootsSpace2022a,
  title = {Seeing Roots from Space: Aboveground Fingerprints of Root Depth in Vegetation Sensitivity to Climate in Dry Biomes},
  shorttitle = {Seeing Roots from Space},
  author = {K{\"u}hn, Nicola and Spiegel, Marcus P and Tovar, Carolina and Willis, Kathy J. and {Macias-Fauria}, Marc},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac9d4f},
  urldate = {2022-11-10},
  abstract = {With predicted climate change, drylands are set to get warmer and drier, increasing water stress for the vegetation in these regions. Plant sensitivity to drier periods and drought events will largely depend on trait strategies to access and store water, often linked to the root system. However, understanding the role of below-ground traits in enhancing ecological resilience to these climate changes remains poorly understood. We present the results of a study in southern Africa where we analysed the relationship between root depth and the Vegetation Sensitivity Index (VSI) (after Seddon, Macias-Fauria et al. (2016)). VSI demonstrates remotely-sensed aboveground vegetation responses to climate variability; thus our study compares aboveground vegetation responses to belowground root traits. Results showed a significant negative relationship between root depth and vegetation sensitivity. Deeper roots provided greater resistance to climate variability as shown by lower sensitivity and higher temporal autocorrelation in vegetation greenness (as measured by the Enhanced Vegetation Index, EVI). Additionally, we demonstrated a link between deeper roots and depth to groundwater, further suggesting that it is the ability of deeper roots to enable access to groundwater that provides ecological resistance to climate variability. Our results therefore provide important empirical evidence that the ability to access deeper water resources during times of lower water availability through deeper roots, is a key trait for dryland vegetation in the face of future climate change. We also show that belowground traits in drylands leave a fingerprint on aboveground, remotely-sensed plant-climate interactions, an important finding to aid in scaling up data-scarce belowground research.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac9d4f}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/452AZUD7/Kühn et al. - 2022 - Seeing roots from space aboveground fingerprints .pdf}
}

@article{kutzbachCO2FluxDetermination2007,
  title = {{{CO}}{\textsubscript{2}} Flux Determination by Closed-Chamber Methods Can Be Seriously Biased by Inappropriate Application of Linear Regression},
  author = {Kutzbach, L. and Schneider, J. and Sachs, T. and Giebels, M. and Nyk{\"a}nen, H. and Shurpali, N. J. and Martikainen, P. J. and Alm, J. and Wilmking, M.},
  year = {2007},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Biogeosciences},
  volume = {4},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1005--1025},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {1726-4170},
  doi = {10.5194/bg-4-1005-2007},
  urldate = {2024-04-26},
  abstract = {Closed (non-steady state) chambers are widely used for quantifying carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes between soils or low-stature canopies and the atmosphere. It is well recognised that covering a soil or vegetation by a closed chamber inherently disturbs the natural CO2 fluxes by altering the concentration gradients between the soil, the vegetation and the overlying air. Thus, the driving factors of CO2 fluxes are not constant during the closed chamber experiment, and no linear increase or decrease of CO2 concentration over time within the chamber headspace can be expected. Nevertheless, linear regression has been applied for calculating CO2 fluxes in many recent, partly influential, studies. This approach has been justified by keeping the closure time short and assuming the concentration change over time to be in the linear range. Here, we test if the application of linear regression is really appropriate for estimating CO2 fluxes using closed chambers over short closure times and if the application of nonlinear regression is necessary. We developed a nonlinear exponential regression model from diffusion and photosynthesis theory. This exponential model was tested with four different datasets of CO2 flux measurements (total number: 1764) conducted at three peatlands sites in Finland and a tundra site in Siberia. Thorough analyses of residuals demonstrated that linear regression was frequently not appropriate for the determination of CO2 fluxes by closed-chamber methods, even if closure times were kept short. The developed exponential model was well suited for nonlinear regression of the concentration over time c(t) evolution in the chamber headspace and estimation of the initial CO2 fluxes at closure time for the majority of experiments. However, a rather large percentage of the exponential regression functions showed curvatures not consistent with the theoretical model which is considered to be caused by violations of the underlying model assumptions. Especially the effects of turbulence and pressure disturbances by the chamber deployment are suspected to have caused unexplainable curvatures. CO2 flux estimates by linear regression can be as low as 40\% of the flux estimates of exponential regression for closure times of only two minutes. The degree of underestimation increased with increasing CO2 flux strength and was dependent on soil and vegetation conditions which can disturb not only the quantitative but also the qualitative evaluation of CO2 flux dynamics. The underestimation effect by linear regression was observed to be different for CO2 uptake and release situations which can lead to stronger bias in the daily, seasonal and annual CO2 balances than in the individual fluxes. To avoid serious bias of CO2 flux estimates based on closed chamber experiments, we suggest further tests using published datasets and recommend the use of nonlinear regression models for future closed chamber studies.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/4/1005/2007/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/DG89W8RR/Kutzbach et al. - 2007 - CO2 flux determination by closed-chambe.pdf}
}

@article{larsenSignificanceColdseasonRespiration2007,
  title = {Significance of Cold-Season Respiration and Photosynthesis in a Subarctic Heath Ecosystem in {{Northern Sweden}}},
  author = {Larsen, Klaus Steenberg and Ibrom, Andreas and Jonasson, Sven and Michelsen, Anders and Beier, Claus},
  year = {2007},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {13},
  number = {7},
  pages = {1498--1508},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{lasslopSeparationNetEcosystem2010,
  title = {Separation of Net Ecosystem Exchange into Assimilation and Respiration Using a Light Response Curve Approach: Critical Issues and Global Evaluation},
  author = {Lasslop, Gitta and Reichstein, Markus and Papale, Dario and Richardson, Andrew D and Arneth, Almut and Barr, Alan and Stoy, Paul and Wohlfahrt, Georg},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {187--208},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{laymanKuhnianParadigmsNormal2023,
  title = {Beyond {{Kuhnian}} Paradigms: {{Normal}} Science and Theory Dependence in Ecology},
  shorttitle = {Beyond {{Kuhnian}} Paradigms},
  author = {Layman, Craig A. and Rypel, Andrew L.},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {13},
  number = {7},
  pages = {e10255},
  issn = {2045-7758},
  doi = {10.1002/ece3.10255},
  urldate = {2023-07-06},
  abstract = {The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn has influenced scientists for decades. It focuses on a progression of science involving periodic, fundamental shifts---revolutions---from one existing paradigm to another. Embedded in this theory is the concept of normal science, that is, scientists work within the confines of established theory, a process often compared to a type of puzzle-solving. This Kuhnian aspect of scientific research has received little attention relative to the much-scrutinized concepts of revolutions and paradigms. We use Kuhn's normal science framework to reflect on the way ecologists practice science. This involves a discussion of how theory dependence influences each step of the scientific method, specifically, how past experiences and existing research frameworks guide the way ecologists acquire knowledge. We illustrate these concepts with ecological examples, including food web structure and the biodiversity crisis, emphasizing that the way one views the world influences how that person engages in scientific research. We conclude with a discussion of how Kuhnian ideas inform ecological research at practical levels, such as influences on grant funding allocation, and we make a renewed call for the inclusion of philosophical foundations of ecological principles in pedagogy. By studying the processes and traditions of how science is carried out, ecologists can better direct scientific insight to address the world's most pressing environmental problems.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2023 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {biodiversity loss,food webs,paradigm,philosophy of science,scientific method,scientific revolutions,theory dependence,Thomas Kuhn},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ece3.10255}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/HBAU6B48/Layman and Rypel - 2023 - Beyond Kuhnian paradigms Normal science and theor.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/VGNN5T8Y/ece3.html}
}

@misc{lemondeAppel000Scientifiques2020,
  title = {L'appel de 1 000 Scientifiques : "{{Face}} {\`a} La Crise {\'E}cologique, La R{\'e}bellion Est N{\'e}cessaire"},
  author = {{Le Monde}},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  urldate = {2021-02-18},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2020/02/20/l-appel-de-1-000-scientifiques-face-a-la-crise-ecologique-la-rebellion-est-necessaire_6030145_3232.html}}
}

@article{lemonsGlobalClimateChange2011,
  title = {Global Climate Change and Non-Violent Civil Disobedience},
  author = {Lemons, John and Brown, Donald A},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {3--12}
}

@article{lengAlpineVegetationCommunity2024,
  title = {Alpine Vegetation Community Patterns in the {{Khumbu}} Region, {{Nepalese Himalaya}}},
  author = {Leng, Ruolin and Harrison, Stephan and Byers, Elizabeth A. and Magar, Mahesh and Rai, Harkrei and Raj Rijal, Ram and Anderson, Karen},
  year = {2024},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research},
  volume = {56},
  number = {1},
  pages = {2309686},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {1523-0430},
  doi = {10.1080/15230430.2024.2309686},
  urldate = {2024-02-22},
  abstract = {The Himalayan alpine zone (HAZ)---a high-altitude zone above approximately 4,100 m.a.s.l., is projected to experience strong eco-environmental changes with climate change. As plants expand their range in this region, other processes are likely to be impacted; for example, flows and stores of water. A first vital step in conceptualizing HAZ ecohydrology is to understand the distribution pattern of HAZ vegetation communities. Satellite remote sensing provides one means of doing so, but the often patchy distribution of alpine vegetation creates challenges when using coarse-grained satellite data whose pixels are typically coarser than the grain of vegetation pattern. Here we use fine spatial resolution satellite imagery from WorldView-2 (2 m2 per pixel) coupled with elevation model data from the Copernicus GLO-30 product to produce a land cover classification for the HAZ. Field data captured during in situ surveys in the Gokyo valley, Nepal, were used to drive and then test a random forest classifier. Grassy meadows and dwarf shrubs belonging to the Rhododendron and Juniperus families dominate the ecology of the alpine zone in this region, so we created three vegetation classes for mapping indicative major plant communities dominated by these species. We found that altitude and aspect were dominant drivers of vegetation distribution in the HAZ and that the average vegetation cover of Rhododendron spp. and Juniperus spp. reduces with increasing altitude, as expected. South- and east-facing slopes were dominated by Juniperus spp., whereas north- and west-facing slopes were dominated by Rhododendron spp., and the growth extent of Rhododendron spp. (between 4,010 and 4,820 m.a.s.l.) and meadow (between 4,010 and 4,680 m.a.s.l.) were vertically wider than that of Juniperus spp. (between 4,010 and 4,660 m.a.s.l.). Results from this study demonstrate the vegetation distribution pattern in HAZ at the plant community level and provide an impetus for further studies that seek to understand ecohydrological interactions between dwarf plants and water flows and stores in the HAZ.},
  keywords = {Alpine vegetation,climate change,Himalayan alpine zone,land cover classification,remote sensing},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2024.2309686}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/DEJMA72J/Leng et al. - 2024 - Alpine vegetation community patterns in the Khumbu.pdf}
}

@article{lenoirRethinkingClimateContext2020,
  title = {Rethinking Climate Context Dependencies in Biological Terms},
  author = {Lenoir, Jonathan},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {117},
  number = {38},
  pages = {23208--23210},
  publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2016537117},
  urldate = {2023-01-26},
  note = {\url{https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2016537117}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/KGW73X5U/Lenoir - 2020 - Rethinking climate context dependencies in biologi.pdf}
}

@article{lentonEarlyWarningClimate2011,
  title = {Early Warning of Climate Tipping Points},
  author = {Lenton, Timothy M},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  volume = {1},
  number = {4},
  pages = {201--209},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{leprovostSupplyMultipleEcosystem2022,
  title = {The Supply of Multiple Ecosystem Services Requires Biodiversity across Spatial Scales},
  author = {Le Provost, Ga{\"e}tane and Schenk, No{\"e}lle V. and Penone, Caterina and Thiele, Jan and Westphal, Catrin and Allan, Eric and Ayasse, Manfred and Bl{\"u}thgen, Nico and Boeddinghaus, Runa S. and Boesing, Andrea Larissa and Bolliger, Ralph and Busch, Verena and Fischer, Markus and Gossner, Martin M. and H{\"o}lzel, Norbert and Jung, Kirsten and Kandeler, Ellen and Klaus, Valentin H. and Kleinebecker, Till and Leimer, Sophia and Marhan, Sven and Morris, Kathryn and M{\"u}ller, Sandra and Neff, Felix and Neyret, Margot and Oelmann, Yvonne and Perovi{\'c}, David J. and Peter, Sophie and Prati, Daniel and Rillig, Matthias C. and Saiz, Hugo and Sch{\"a}fer, Deborah and {Scherer-Lorenzen}, Michael and Schloter, Michael and Sch{\"o}ning, Ingo and Schrumpf, Marion and Steckel, Juliane and {Steffan-Dewenter}, Ingolf and Tschapka, Marco and Vogt, Juliane and Weiner, Christiane and Weisser, Wolfgang and Wells, Konstans and Werner, Michael and Wilcke, Wolfgang and Manning, Peter},
  year = {2022},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
  pages = {1--14},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2397-334X},
  doi = {10.1038/s41559-022-01918-5},
  urldate = {2023-01-24},
  abstract = {The impact of local biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning is well established, but the role of larger-scale biodiversity dynamics in the delivery of ecosystem services remains poorly understood. Here we address this gap using a comprehensive dataset describing the supply of 16 cultural, regulating and provisioning ecosystem services in 150 European agricultural grassland plots, and detailed multi-scale data on land use and plant diversity. After controlling for land-use and abiotic factors, we show that both plot-level and surrounding plant diversity play an important role in the supply of cultural and aboveground regulating ecosystem services. In contrast, provisioning and belowground regulating ecosystem services are more strongly driven by field-level management and abiotic factors. Structural equation models revealed that surrounding plant diversity promotes ecosystem services both directly, probably by fostering the spill-over of ecosystem service providers from surrounding areas, and indirectly, by maintaining plot-level diversity. By influencing the ecosystem services that local stakeholders prioritized, biodiversity at different scales was also shown to positively influence a wide range of stakeholder groups. These results provide a comprehensive picture of which ecosystem services rely most strongly on biodiversity, and the respective scales of biodiversity that drive these services. This key information is required for the upscaling of biodiversity--ecosystem service relationships, and the informed management of biodiversity within agricultural landscapes.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Agroecology,Biodiversity,Ecosystem services,Grassland ecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01918-5}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/359HES8D/Le Provost et al. - 2022 - The supply of multiple ecosystem services requires.pdf}
}

@misc{li2015li,
  title = {Using the {{LI-8100A}} Soil Gas Flux System \& the {{LI-8150}} Multiplexer},
  author = {{LI-COR}},
  year = {2015},
  publisher = {LI-COR Biosciences. Lincoln NE, USA}
}

@misc{LibraryInternationalTundra,
  title = {Library - {{International Tundra Experiment}} ({{ITEX}}) - {{Grand Valley State University}}},
  urldate = {2023-02-02},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.gvsu.edu/itex/library-8.htm}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/AG74EJM3/library-8.html}
}

@misc{LibraryInternationalTundraa,
  title = {Library - {{International Tundra Experiment}} ({{ITEX}}) - {{Grand Valley State University}}},
  urldate = {2023-02-02},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.gvsu.edu/itex/library-8.htm}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/P2T6VDTI/library-8.html}
}

@article{liHigherSensitivityGross2023,
  title = {Higher Sensitivity of Gross Primary Productivity than Ecosystem Respiration to Experimental Drought and Warming across Six {{European}} Shrubland Ecosystems},
  author = {Li, Qiaoyan and Tietema, Albert and Reinsch, Sabine and Schmidt, Inger Kappel and {de Dato}, Giovanbattista and Guidolotti, Gabriele and {Lellei-Kov{\'a}cs}, Eszter and Kopittke, Gillian and Larsen, Klaus Steenberg},
  year = {2023},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  volume = {900},
  pages = {165627},
  issn = {0048-9697},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165627},
  urldate = {2023-07-31},
  abstract = {Shrubland ecosystems across Europe face a range of threats including the potential impacts of climate change. Within the INCREASE project, six shrubland ecosystems along a European climatic gradient were exposed to ecosystem-level year-round experimental nighttime warming and long-term, repeated growing season droughts. We quantified the ecosystem level CO2 fluxes, i.e. gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco) and net ecosystem exchange (NEE), in control and treatment plots and compared the treatment effects along the Gaussen aridity index. In general, GPP exhibited higher sensitivity to drought and warming than Reco and was found to be the dominant contributor to changes in overall NEE. Across the climate gradient, northern sites were more likely to have neutral to positive responses of NEE, i.e. increased CO2 uptake, to drought and warming partly due to seasonal rewetting. While an earlier investigation across the same sites showed a good cross-site relationship between soil respiration responses to climate over the Gaussen aridity index, the responses of GPP, Reco and NEE showed a more complex response pattern suggesting that site-specific ecosystem traits, such as different growing season periods and plant species composition, affected the overall response pattern of the ecosystem-level CO2 fluxes. We found that the observed response patterns of GPP and Reco rates at the six sites could be explained well by the hypothesized position of each site on site-specific soil moisture response curves of GPP/Reco fluxes. Such relatively simple, site-specific analyses could help improve our ability to explain observed CO2 flux patterns in larger meta-analyses as well as in larger-scale model upscaling exercises and thereby help improve our ability to project changes in ecosystem CO2 fluxes in response to future climate change.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Drought,Ecosystem respiration (R),Gross primary productivity (GPP),Net ecosystem exchange (NEE),Shrubland,Warming},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972304250X}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/DRAQFPBR/Li et al. - 2023 - Higher sensitivity of gross primary productivity t.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/HR223VST/S004896972304250X.html}
}

@article{liSnowCoverVegetationInduced2018,
  title = {Snow {{Cover}} and {{Vegetation-Induced Decrease}} in {{Global Albedo From}} 2002 to 2016},
  author = {Li, Qiuping and Ma, Mingguo and Wu, Xiaodan and Yang, Hong},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  volume = {123},
  number = {1},
  pages = {124--138},
  issn = {2169-8996},
  doi = {10.1002/2017JD027010},
  urldate = {2022-10-25},
  abstract = {Land surface albedo is an essential parameter in regional and global climate models, and it is markedly influenced by land cover change. Variations in the albedo can affect the surface radiation budget and further impact the global climate. In this study, the interannual variation of albedo from 2002 to 2016 was estimated on the global scale using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) datasets. The presence and causes of the albedo changes for each specific region were also explored. From 2002 to 2016, the MODIS-based albedo decreased globally, snow cover declined by 0.970 (percent per pixel), while the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index increased by 0.175. Some obvious increases in the albedo were detected in Central Asia, northeastern China, parts of the boreal forest in Canada, and the temperate steppe in North America. In contrast, noticeable decreases in the albedo were found in the Siberian tundra, Europe, southeastern Australia, and northeastern regions of North America. In the Northern Hemisphere, the greening trend at high latitudes made more contribution to the decline in the albedo. However, the dramatic fluctuation of snow-cover at midlatitudes predominated in the change of albedo. Our analysis can help to understand the roles that vegetation and snow cover play in the variation of albedo on global and regional scales.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {albedo,global,SINDVI,snow cover change,time series analysis,trend analysis},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017JD027010}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GDPDIBYJ/Li et al. - 2018 - Snow Cover and Vegetation-Induced Decrease in Glob.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/ZIL42CRG/2017JD027010.html}
}

@misc{LitterQualityOutweighs,
  title = {Litter Quality Outweighs Climate as a Driver of Decomposition across the Tundra Biome},
  urldate = {2023-08-14},
  howpublished = {\url{https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/view/5216/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/3EF26Q2D/5216.html}
}

@misc{LitterQualityOutweighsa,
  title = {Litter Quality Outweighs Climate as a Driver of Decomposition across the Tundra Biome},
  urldate = {2023-08-14},
  howpublished = {\url{https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/view/5216/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/VYM8Y5QZ/5216.html}
}

@article{liuRelationshipBiodiversityEcosystem2022,
  title = {Relationship between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Multifunctionality along the Elevation Gradient in Alpine Meadows on the Eastern {{Qinghai-Tibetan}} Plateau},
  author = {Liu, Minxia and Zhang, Guojuan and Yin, Fengling and Wang, Siyuan and Li, Le},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Ecological Indicators},
  volume = {141},
  pages = {109097},
  issn = {1470-160X},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.109097},
  urldate = {2023-01-18},
  abstract = {Exploring the spatial pattern of biodiversity in different dimensions and its relationship with ecosystem multifunctionality was one of the hot topics in ecological research, and elevation was an important topographic factor affecting biodiversity changes. The maintenance mechanism of ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) relationship between different dimensions of biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality in alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was still unclear. This paper investigates the elevation patterns of species, functions, and phylogenetic diversity of plant communities in alpine meadows on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their effects on EMF using factor analysis and the radial basis function (RBF) neural network model. The results showed that (1) the species and phylogenetic diversity indices (except MPD index) increased and then decreased with elevation; the functional diversity indices FRic and FEve showed a decreasing trend with elevation, while FDiv showed the opposite. (2) Ecosystem multifunctional indices for the five elevation gradients were 3000~m~{$>~$}3250~m~{$>~$}3500~m~{$>~$}3750~m~{$>~$}4000~m. There were significant correlations between biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Species richness, Simpson, FRic, and FDiv increased with increasing EMF, but the relationship between phylogenetic diversity and EMF was insignificant. (3) Among the biodiversity indices, species richness and functional richness indices had a greater impact on EMF and were also important drivers to explain changes in EMF, followed by PD indices. The high biodiversity of alpine meadows can contribute to the supply of multifunctional ecosystems, making them healthier and more stable.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Alpine meadow,Biodiversity,Ecosystem multifunctionality,Elevation gradient},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X22005696}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/K6MG7YEH/Liu et al. - 2022 - Relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem mu.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/ZKD6JGS2/S1470160X22005696.html}
}

@article{liuSpatiallyExplicitEstimate,
  title = {Spatially Explicit Estimate of Nitrogen Effects on Soil Respiration across the Globe},
  author = {Liu, Yang and Men, Mingxin and Peng, Zhengping and Chen, Han Y. H. and Yang, Yuanhe and Peng, Yunfeng},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.16716},
  urldate = {2023-04-28},
  abstract = {Soil respiration (Rs), as the second largest flux of carbon dioxide (CO2) between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, is vulnerable to global nitrogen (N) enrichment. However, the global distribution of the N effects on Rs remains uncertain. Here, we compiled a new database containing 1282 observations of Rs and its heterotrophic component (Rh) in field N manipulative experiments from 317 published papers. Using this up-to-date database, we first performed a formal meta-analysis to explore the responses of Rs and Rh to N addition, and then presented a global spatially explicit quantification of the N effects using a Random Forest model. Our results showed that experimental N addition significantly increased Rs but had a minimal impact on Rh, not supporting the prevailing view that N enrichment inhibits soil microbial respiration. For the major biomes, the magnitude of N input was the main determinant of the spatial variation in Rs response, while the most important predictors for Rh response were biome specific. Based on the key predictors, global mapping visually demonstrated a positive N effect in the regions with higher anthropogenic N inputs (i.e., atmospheric N deposition and agricultural fertilization). Overall, our analysis not only provides novel insight into the N effects on soil CO2 fluxes, but also presents a spatially explicit assessment of the N effects at the global scale, which are pivotal for understanding ecosystem carbon dynamics in future scenarios with more frequent anthropogenic activities.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {carbon cycling,greenhouse gas,meta-analysis,microbial respiration,nitrogen deposition},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.16716}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/6VIXW392/Liu et al. - Spatially explicit estimate of nitrogen effects on.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/XR6X42PG/gcb.html}
}

@article{liWarmingEffectsPermafrost2017,
  title = {Warming Effects on Permafrost Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes Associated with Plant Nutrients},
  author = {Li, Fei and Peng, Yunfeng and Natali, Susan M and Chen, Kelong and Han, Tianfeng and Yang, Guibiao and Ding, Jinzhi and Zhang, Dianye and Wang, Guanqin and Wang, Jun and others},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Ecology},
  volume = {98},
  number = {11},
  pages = {2851--2859},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{lopez-blancoPlantTraitsAre2018,
  title = {Plant {{Traits}} Are {{Key Determinants}} in {{Buffering}} the {{Meteorological Sensitivity}} of {{Net Carbon Exchanges}} of {{Arctic Tundra}}},
  author = {{L{\'o}pez-Blanco}, Efr{\'e}n and Lund, Magnus and Christensen, Torben R. and Tamstorf, Mikkel P. and Smallman, Thomas L. and Slevin, Darren and {Westergaard-Nielsen}, Andreas and Hansen, Birger U. and Abermann, Jakob and Williams, Mathew},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  volume = {123},
  number = {9},
  pages = {2675--2694},
  issn = {2169-8961},
  doi = {10.1029/2018JG004386},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  abstract = {The climate sensitivity of carbon (C) cycling in Arctic terrestrial ecosystems is a major unknown in the Earth system. There is a lack of knowledge about the mechanisms that drive the interactions between photosynthesis, respiration, and changes in C stocks across full annual cycles in Arctic tundra. We use a calibrated and validated model (soil-plant-atmosphere; SPA) to estimate net ecosystem exchange (NEE), gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), and internal C processing across eight full years. SPA's carbon flux estimates are validated with observational data obtained from the Greenland Ecosystem Monitoring program in West Greenland tundra. Overall, the model explained 73\%, 73\%, and 50\% of the variance in NEE, GPP, and Reco, respectively, and 85\% of the plant greenness variation. Flux data highlighted the insensitivity of growing season NEE to interannual meteorological variability, due to compensatory responses of photosynthesis and ecosystem respiration. In this modelling study, we show that this NEE buffering is the case also for full annual cycles. We show through a sensitivity analysis that plant traits related to nitrogen are likely key determinants in the compensatory response, through simulated links to photosynthesis and plant respiration. Interestingly, we found a similar temperature sensitivity of the trait-flux couplings for GPP and Reco, suggesting that plant traits drive the stabilization of NEE. Further, model analysis indicated that wintertime periods decreased the C sink by 60\%, mostly driven by litter heterotrophic respiration. This result emphasizes the importance of wintertime periods and allows a more comprehensive understanding of full annual C dynamics.},
  copyright = {{\copyright}2018. The Authors.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Arctic tundra,ecosystem exchange,ecosystem respiration,gross primary production,plant traits,process-based modeling},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2018JG004386}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/H5J22C2H/López-Blanco et al. - 2018 - Plant Traits are Key Determinants in Buffering the.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/PVTCPELW/2018JG004386.html}
}

@article{loreauBiodiversityEcosystemFunctioning2001,
  title = {Biodiversity and {{Ecosystem Functioning}}: {{Current Knowledge}} and {{Future Challenges}}},
  shorttitle = {Biodiversity and {{Ecosystem Functioning}}},
  author = {Loreau, M. and Naeem, S. and Inchausti, P. and Bengtsson, J. and Grime, J. P. and Hector, A. and Hooper, D. U. and Huston, M. A. and Raffaelli, D. and Schmid, B. and Tilman, D. and Wardle, D. A.},
  year = {2001},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {294},
  number = {5543},
  pages = {804--808},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1064088},
  urldate = {2023-01-24},
  abstract = {The ecological consequences of biodiversity loss have aroused considerable interest and controversy during the past decade. Major advances have been made in describing the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem processes, in identifying functionally important species, and in revealing underlying mechanisms. There is, however, uncertainty as to how results obtained in recent experiments scale up to landscape and regional levels and generalize across ecosystem types and processes. Larger numbers of species are probably needed to reduce temporal variability in ecosystem processes in changing environments. A major future challenge is to determine how biodiversity dynamics, ecosystem processes, and abiotic factors interact.},
  note = {\url{https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1064088}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GCAA98T4/Loreau et al. - 2001 - Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning Current Kn.pdf}
}

@article{lozierPredictingDistributionSasquatch2009,
  title = {Predicting the Distribution of {{Sasquatch}} in Western {{North America}}: Anything Goes with Ecological Niche Modelling},
  shorttitle = {Predicting the Distribution of {{Sasquatch}} in Western {{North America}}},
  author = {Lozier, J. D. and Aniello, P. and Hickerson, M. J.},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Journal of Biogeography},
  volume = {36},
  number = {9},
  pages = {1623--1627},
  issn = {1365-2699},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02152.x},
  urldate = {2023-01-16},
  abstract = {The availability of user-friendly software and publicly available biodiversity databases has led to a rapid increase in the use of ecological niche modelling to predict species distributions. A potential source of error in publicly available data that may affect the accuracy of ecological niche models (ENMs), and one that is difficult to correct for, is incorrect (or incomplete) taxonomy. Here we remind researchers of the need for careful evaluation of database records prior to use in modelling, especially when the presence of cryptic species is suspected or many records are based on indirect evidence. To draw attention to this potential problem, we construct ENMs for the North American Sasquatch (i.e. Bigfoot). Specifically, we use a large database of georeferenced putative sightings and footprints for Sasquatch in western North America, demonstrating how convincing environmentally predicted distributions of a taxon's potential range can be generated from questionable site-occurrence data. We compare the distribution of Bigfoot with an ENM for the black bear, Ursus americanus, and suggest that many sightings of this cryptozoid may be cases of mistaken identity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bigfoot,biodiversity informatics,climate change,ecological niche models,North America,Sasquatch,species distributions,Ursus americanus},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02152.x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/HLKHNHXN/Lozier et al. - 2009 - Predicting the distribution of Sasquatch in wester.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/QK7QXBQ5/j.1365-2699.2009.02152.html}
}

@article{lubchencoEnteringCenturyEnvironment1998,
  title = {Entering the Century of the Environment: A New Social Contract for Science},
  author = {Lubchenco, Jane},
  year = {1998},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {279},
  number = {5350},
  pages = {491--497},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@article{lubridate2011,
  title = {Dates and Times Made Easy with {{lubridate}}},
  author = {Grolemund, Garrett and Wickham, Hadley},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {40},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1--25},
  note = {\url{https://www.jstatsoft.org/v40/i03/}}
}

@article{lupascuWinterEcosystemRespiration2018,
  title = {Winter Ecosystem Respiration and Sources of {{CO2}} from the {{High Arctic}} Tundra of {{Svalbard}}: {{Response}} to a Deeper Snow Experiment},
  author = {Lupascu, M and Czimczik, {\relax CI} and Welker, {\relax MC} and Ziolkowski, {\relax LA} and Cooper, {\relax EJ} and Welker, {\relax JM}},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  volume = {123},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2627--2642},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{luResponsesSoilCO22013,
  title = {Responses of Soil {{CO2}} Fluxes to Short-Term Experimental Warming in Alpine Steppe Ecosystem, {{Northern Tibet}}},
  author = {Lu, Xuyang and Fan, Jihui and Yan, Yan and Wang, Xiaodan},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {PloS one},
  volume = {8},
  number = {3},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science}
}

@article{maceBiodiversityEcosystemServices2012,
  title = {Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: A Multilayered Relationship},
  shorttitle = {Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services},
  author = {Mace, Georgina M. and Norris, Ken and Fitter, Alastair H.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  volume = {27},
  number = {1},
  pages = {19--26},
  issn = {0169-5347},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.08.006},
  urldate = {2023-01-24},
  abstract = {The relationship between biodiversity and the rapidly expanding research and policy field of ecosystem services is confused and is damaging efforts to create coherent policy. Using the widely accepted Convention on Biological Diversity definition of biodiversity and work for the UK National Ecosystem Assessment we show that biodiversity has key roles at all levels of the ecosystem service hierarchy: as a regulator of underpinning ecosystem processes, as a final ecosystem service and as a good that is subject to valuation, whether economic or otherwise. Ecosystem science and practice has not yet absorbed the lessons of this complex relationship, which suggests an urgent need to develop the interdisciplinary science of ecosystem management bringing together ecologists, conservation biologists, resource economists and others.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534711002424}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/PVSI73S4/Mace et al. - 2012 - Biodiversity and ecosystem services a multilayere.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/F2JQT6ZY/S0169534711002424.html}
}

@article{macias-fauriaPleistoceneArcticMegafaunal2020,
  title = {Pleistocene {{Arctic}} Megafaunal Ecological Engineering as a Natural Climate Solution?},
  author = {{Macias-Fauria}, Marc and Jepson, Paul and Zimov, Nikita and Malhi, Yadvinder},
  year = {2020},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences},
  volume = {375},
  number = {1794},
  pages = {20190122},
  publisher = {Royal Society},
  doi = {10.1098/rstb.2019.0122},
  urldate = {2022-11-05},
  abstract = {Natural climate solutions (NCS) in the Arctic hold the potential to be implemented at a scale able to substantially affect the global climate. The strong feedbacks between carbon-rich permafrost, climate and herbivory suggest an NCS consisting of reverting the current wet/moist moss and shrub-dominated tundra and the sparse forest--tundra ecotone to grassland through a guild of large herbivores. Grassland-dominated systems might delay permafrost thaw and reduce carbon emissions---especially in Yedoma regions, while increasing carbon capture through increased productivity and grass and forb deep root systems. Here we review the environmental context of megafaunal ecological engineering in the Arctic; explore the mechanisms through which it can help mitigate climate change; and estimate its potential---based on bison and horse, with the aim of evaluating the feasibility of generating an ecosystem shift that is economically viable in terms of carbon benefits and of sufficient scale to play a significant role in global climate change mitigation. Assuming a megafaunal-driven ecosystem shift we find support for a megafauna-based arctic NCS yielding substantial income in carbon markets. However, scaling up such projects to have a significant effect on the global climate is challenging given the large number of animals required over a short period of time. A first-cut business plan is presented based on practical information---costs and infrastructure---from Pleistocene Park (northeastern Yakutia, Russia). A 10 yr experimental phase incorporating three separate introductions of herds of approximately 1000 individuals each is costed at US\$114 million, with potential returns of approximately 0.3--0.4\% yr-1 towards the end of the period, and greater than 1\% yr-1 after it. Institutional friction and the potential role of new technologies in the reintroductions are discussed. This article is part of the theme issue `Climate change and ecosystems: threats, opportunities and solutions'.},
  keywords = {Arctic,geoengineering,herbivory,megafauna,natural climate solutions,permafrost},
  note = {\url{https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rstb.2019.0122}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/DEQMQUZ2/Macias-Fauria et al. - 2020 - Pleistocene Arctic megafaunal ecological engineeri.pdf}
}

@article{mackEcosystemCarbonStorage2004,
  title = {Ecosystem Carbon Storage in Arctic Tundra Reduced by Long-Term Nutrient Fertilization},
  author = {Mack, Michelle C. and Schuur, Edward A. G. and {Bret-Harte}, M. Syndonia and Shaver, Gaius R. and Chapin, F. Stuart},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {431},
  number = {7007},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {0028-0836}
}

@article{macleanMeasurementMicroclimate2021,
  title = {On the Measurement of Microclimate},
  author = {Maclean, Ilya M. D. and Duffy, James P. and Haesen, Stef and Govaert, Sanne and De Frenne, Pieter and Vanneste, Thomas and Lenoir, Jonathan and Lembrechts, Jonas J. and Rhodes, Marcus W. and Van Meerbeek, Koenraad},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {12},
  number = {8},
  pages = {1397--1410},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.13627},
  urldate = {2025-01-17},
  abstract = {Many organisms live in environments in which temperatures differ substantially from those measured by standard weather stations. The last decade has witnessed a paradigm shift in efforts to quantify these differences and to understand their ecological, functional and evolutionary implications. This renewed interest in microclimate ecology has been accompanied by the development of various compact temperature sensors and radiation shields. However, it is clear that there are many pitfalls when measuring temperature using these devices. Here we address the problem of measuring temperatures in these microenvironments accurately. We first discuss the theory of measuring surface, ground and air temperatures with reference to energy fluxes and how these are modified by material, reflective properties and size of the device. We highlight the particular difficulties associated with measuring air temperature. We then report on the results of a series of experiments in which air temperatures recorded by various commonly used microclimate temperature loggers are compared to those obtained using research-grade instruments and synoptic weather stations. While accurate measurements of surface and ground temperatures and air temperatures at night and in shaded environments can be relatively easily obtained, we show substantial errors are to be expected when measuring air temperatures in environments exposed to sunlight. Most standard sensors yield large errors, which can reach 25{$^\circ$}C due to radiative fluxes operating on the thermometer. This problem cannot be wholly overcome by shielding the thermometer from sunlight, as the shield itself will influence both the temperatures being measured and the accuracy of measurement. We demonstrate that reasonably accurate estimates of air temperature can be obtained with low-cost and unshielded ultrafine-wire thermocouples that possess low thermal emissivity and a highly reflective surface. As the processes that create microclimatic temperature variation are the same as those that cause errors, other logger types should be used with care, and generally avoided in environments exposed to sunlight and close to the ground where wind speeds are lower. We urge researchers interested in microclimates and their effects to pay greater heed to the physics of heat exchange when attempting to measure microclimate temperatures and to understand the trade-offs that exist in doing so.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2021 The Authors. Methods in Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of British Ecological Society},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {air temperature,climate change,ecology,ground surface temperature,microhabitat,microrefugia,soil temperature,thermocouple},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.13627}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/V4PCEU6E/Maclean et al. - 2021 - On the measurement of microclimate.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/KNNP7X2L/2041-210X.html}
}

@article{maesEnvironmentalDriversIncreased2024,
  title = {Environmental Drivers of Increased Ecosystem Respiration in a Warming Tundra},
  author = {Maes, S. L. and Dietrich, J. and Midolo, G. and Schwieger, S. and Kummu, M. and Vandvik, V. and Aerts, R. and Althuizen, I. H. J. and Biasi, C. and Bj{\"o}rk, R. G. and B{\"o}hner, H. and Carbognani, M. and Chiari, G. and Christiansen, C. T. and Clemmensen, K. E. and Cooper, E. J. and Cornelissen, J. H. C. and Elberling, B. and Faubert, P. and Fetcher, N. and Forte, T. G. W. and Gaudard, J. and Gavazov, K. and Guan, Z. and Gu{\dh}mundsson, J. and Gya, R. and Hallin, S. and Hansen, B. B. and Haugum, S. V. and He, J.-S. and Hicks Pries, C. and Hovenden, M. J. and Jalava, M. and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, I. S. and Juhanson, J. and Jung, J. Y. and Kaarlej{\"a}rvi, E. and Kwon, M. J. and Lamprecht, R. E. and Le Moullec, M. and Lee, H. and Marushchak, M. E. and Michelsen, A. and Munir, T. M. and Myrsky, E. M. and Nielsen, C. S. and Nyberg, M. and Olofsson, J. and {\'O}skarsson, H. and Parker, T. C. and Pedersen, E. P. and Petit Bon, M. and Petraglia, A. and Raundrup, K. and Ravn, N. M. R. and Rinnan, R. and Rodenhizer, H. and Ryde, I. and Schmidt, N. M. and Schuur, E. a. G. and Sj{\"o}gersten, S. and Stark, S. and Strack, M. and Tang, J. and Tolvanen, A. and T{\"o}pper, J. P. and V{\"a}is{\"a}nen, M. K. and {van Logtestijn}, R. S. P. and Voigt, C. and Walz, J. and Weedon, J. T. and Yang, Y. and Yl{\"a}nne, H. and Bj{\"o}rkman, M. P. and Sarneel, J. M. and Dorrepaal, E.},
  year = {2024},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Nature},
  pages = {1--9},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-024-07274-7},
  urldate = {2024-04-18},
  abstract = {Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems are large reservoirs of organic carbon1,2. Climate warming may stimulate ecosystem respiration and release carbon into the atmosphere3,4. The magnitude and persistency of this stimulation and the environmental mechanisms that drive its variation remain uncertain5--7. This hampers the accuracy of global land carbon--climate feedback projections7,8. Here we synthesize 136 datasets from 56 open-top chamber in situ warming experiments located at 28 arctic and alpine tundra sites which have been running for less than 1\,year up to 25\,years. We show that a mean rise of 1.4\,{$^\circ$}C [confidence interval (CI) 0.9--2.0\,{$^\circ$}C] in air and 0.4\,{$^\circ$}C [CI 0.2--0.7\,{$^\circ$}C] in soil temperature results in an increase in growing season ecosystem respiration by 30\% [CI 22--38\%] (n\,=\,136). Our findings indicate that the stimulation of ecosystem respiration was due to increases in both plant-related and microbial respiration (n\,=\,9) and continued for at least 25\,years (n\,=\,136). The magnitude of the warming effects on respiration was driven by variation in warming-induced changes in local soil conditions, that is, changes in total nitrogen concentration and pH and by context-dependent spatial variation in these conditions, in particular total nitrogen concentration and the carbon:nitrogen ratio. Tundra sites with stronger nitrogen limitations and sites in which warming had stimulated plant and microbial nutrient turnover seemed particularly sensitive in their respiration response to warming. The results highlight the importance of local soil conditions and warming-induced changes therein for future climatic impacts on respiration.},
  copyright = {2024 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Carbon cycle,Climate-change ecology,Environmental impact},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07274-7}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GUH3ZRMF/Maes et al. - 2024 - Environmental drivers of increased ecosystem respi.pdf}
}

@book{maniseManuelVieMilieu2016,
  title = {Manuel de (Sur)Vie En Milieu Naturel},
  author = {Manise, David},
  year = {2016},
  publisher = {Amphora}
}

@article{martensCircumArcticReleaseTerrestrial2022,
  title = {Circum-{{Arctic}} Release of Terrestrial Carbon Varies between Regions and Sources},
  author = {Martens, Jannik and Wild, Birgit and Semiletov, Igor and Dudarev, Oleg V. and Gustafsson, {\"O}rjan},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5858},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-33541-0},
  urldate = {2022-10-20},
  abstract = {Arctic change is expected to destabilize terrestrial carbon (terrOC) in soils and permafrost, leading to fluvial release, greenhouse gas emission and climate feedback. However, landscape heterogeneity and location-specific observations complicate large-scale assessments of terrOC mobilization. Here we reveal differences in terrOC release, deduced from the Circum-Arctic Sediment Carbon Database (CASCADE) using source-diagnostic ({$\delta$}13C-{$\Delta$}14C) and carbon accumulation data. The results show five-times larger terrOC release from the Eurasian than from the American Arctic. Most of the circum-Arctic terrOC originates from near-surface soils (61\%); 30\% stems from Pleistocene-age permafrost. TerrOC translocation, relative to land-based terrOC stocks, varies by a factor of five between circum-Arctic regions. Shelf seas with higher relative terrOC translocation follow the spatial pattern of recent Arctic warming, while such with lower translocation reflect long-distance lateral transport with efficient remineralization of terrOC. This study provides a receptor-based perspective for how terrOC release varies across the circum-Arctic.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Attribution,Carbon cycle},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-33541-0}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/IUHF99D8/Martens et al. - 2022 - Circum-Arctic release of terrestrial carbon varies.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GQXIQF3A/s41467-022-33541-0.html}
}

@article{maslinShortHistorySuccesses2023,
  title = {A Short History of the Successes and Failures of the International Climate Change Negotiations},
  author = {Maslin, Mark A. and Lang, John and Harvey, Fiona J.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {UCL Open Environment},
  volume = {5},
  publisher = {UCL Press},
  issn = {2632-0886},
  doi = {10.14324/111.444/ucloe.000059},
  urldate = {2023-07-31},
  abstract = {{$<$}p xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" class="first" id="d8811791e140"{$>$}The last 35 years have been a period of intense and continuous international negotiations to deal with climate change. During the same period of time humanity has doubled the amount of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There has, however, been progress and some notable successes in the negotiations. In 2015, at COP21 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 196 countries adopted the Paris Agreement stating that they would limit global temperatures to well below 2{$^\circ$}C above pre-industrial levels and would pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5{$^\circ$}C above pre-industrial levels. The first review of the Paris Agreement was at COP26 in Glasgow with many countries pledging to go to net zero emissions by the middle of the century. But currently these pledges, if fulfilled, will only limit the global average temperature to between 2.4{$^\circ$}C and 2.8{$^\circ$}C. At COP27 in Egypt the core agreements from the Glasgow Climate Pact were maintained and countries finally agreed to set up a loss and damage facility -- although details of who will provide the finance and who can claim are still be to be worked out. This article reviews the key moments in the history of international climate change negotiations and discusses what the key objectives are for future COP meetings. {$<$}/p{$>$}},
  note = {\url{https://ucl.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14324/111.444/ucloe.000059}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/YT52NFZ7/Maslin et al. - 2023 - A short history of the successes and failures of t.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{master,
  title = {Carbon Ecosystem-Atmosphere Exchange in Arctic Tundra in Response to Environmental Changes. {{Effects}} of Increased Water and Phosphorus Availability on Carbon Dioxide and Methane Fluxes},
  author = {Gaudard, Joseph},
  year = {2019},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  school = {University of Copenhagen (UCPH) / University of Life Sciences in Vienna (BOKU)}
}

@article{mathesExtinctionRiskControlled2021,
  title = {Extinction Risk Controlled by Interaction of Long-Term and Short-Term Climate Change},
  author = {Mathes, Gregor H and {van Dijk}, Jeroen and Kiessling, Wolfgang and Steinbauer, Manuel J},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
  volume = {5},
  number = {3},
  pages = {304--310},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{mccleeryUnitingExperimentsBig2023,
  title = {Uniting {{Experiments}} and {{Big Data}} to Advance Ecology and Conservation},
  author = {McCleery, Robert and Guralnick, Robert and Beatty, Meghan and Belitz, Michael and Campbell, Caitlin J. and Idec, Jacob and Jones, Maggie and Kang, Yiyang and Potash, Alex and Fletcher, Robert J.},
  year = {2023},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution},
  issn = {0169-5347},
  doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2023.05.010},
  urldate = {2023-08-18},
  abstract = {Many ecologists increasingly advocate for research frameworks centered on the use of `big data' to address anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems. Yet, experiments are often considered essential for identifying mechanisms and informing conservation interventions. We highlight the complementarity of these research frameworks and expose largely untapped opportunities for combining them to speed advancements in ecology and conservation. With nascent but increasing application of model integration, we argue that there is an urgent need to unite experimental and big data frameworks throughout the scientific process. Such an integrated framework offers potential for capitalizing on the benefits of both frameworks to gain rapid and reliable answers to ecological challenges.},
  keywords = {ecological novelty,epistemologies,integration,scale,scientific process},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534723001337}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/7KEY3PHQ/McCleery et al. - 2023 - Uniting Experiments and Big Data to advance ecolog.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/C2L823J7/S0169534723001337.html}
}

@article{meeranIndividualInteractiveEffects2023,
  title = {Individual and Interactive Effects of Warming and Nitrogen Supply on {{CO2}} Fluxes and Carbon Allocation in Subarctic Grassland},
  author = {Meeran, Kathiravan and Verbrigghe, Niel and Ingrisch, Johannes and Fuchslueger, Lucia and M{\"u}ller, Lena and Sigur{\dh}sson, P{\'a}ll and Sigurdsson, Bjarni D. and Wachter, Herbert and Watzka, Margarete and Soong, Jennifer L. and Vicca, Sara and Janssens, Ivan A. and Bahn, Michael},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {29},
  number = {18},
  pages = {5276--5291},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.16851},
  urldate = {2023-08-15},
  abstract = {Climate warming has been suggested to impact high latitude grasslands severely, potentially causing considerable carbon (C) losses from soil. Warming can also stimulate nitrogen (N) turnover, but it is largely unclear whether and how altered N availability impacts belowground C dynamics. Even less is known about the individual and interactive effects of warming and N availability on the fate of recently photosynthesized C in soil. On a 10-year geothermal warming gradient in Iceland, we studied the effects of soil warming and N addition on CO2 fluxes and the fate of recently photosynthesized C through CO2 flux measurements and a 13CO2 pulse-labeling experiment. Under warming, ecosystem respiration exceeded maximum gross primary productivity, causing increased net CO2 emissions. N addition treatments revealed that, surprisingly, the plants in the warmed soil were N limited, which constrained primary productivity and decreased recently assimilated C in shoots and roots. In soil, microbes were increasingly C limited under warming and increased microbial uptake of recent C. Soil respiration was increased by warming and was fueled by increased belowground inputs and turnover of recently photosynthesized C. Our findings suggest that a decade of warming seemed to have induced a N limitation in plants and a C limitation by soil microbes. This caused a decrease in net ecosystem CO2 uptake and accelerated the respiratory release of photosynthesized C, which decreased the C sequestration potential of the grassland. Our study highlights the importance of belowground C allocation and C-N interactions in the C dynamics of subarctic ecosystems in a warmer world.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2023 The Authors. Global Change Biology published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {13CO2 pulse labeling,carbon allocation,gross primary productivity,nitrogen addition,soil respiration,soil warming},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.16851}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/9QFLACJ4/Meeran et al. - 2023 - Individual and interactive effects of warming and .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/AIYV4SWK/gcb.html}
}

@article{merboldWinterCOFluxes2012,
  title = {Winter {{CO}} 2 Fluxes in a Sub-Alpine Grassland in Relation to Snow Cover, Radiation and Temperature},
  author = {Merbold, Lutz and Rogiers, Nele and Eugster, Werner},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Biogeochemistry},
  volume = {111},
  number = {1-3},
  pages = {287--302},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{merboldWinterGreenhouseGas2013,
  title = {Winter Greenhouse Gas Fluxes ({{CO}} 2, {{CH}} 4 and {{N}} 2 {{O}}) from a Subalpine Grassland},
  author = {Merbold, Lutz and Steinlin, Christine and Hagedorn, Frank},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Biogeosciences},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {3185--3203},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH}
}

@misc{Metaanalysis119Manipulative,
  title = {A Meta-Analysis of 1,119 Manipulative Experiments on Terrestrial Carbon-Cycling Responses to Global Change {\textbar} {{Nature Ecology}} \& {{Evolution}}},
  urldate = {2023-04-11},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-0958-3}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/W6FCEBZV/s41559-019-0958-3.html}
}

@article{monsonWinterForestSoil2006,
  title = {Winter Forest Soil Respiration Controlled by Climate and Microbial Community Composition},
  author = {Monson, Russell K and Lipson, David L and Burns, Sean P and Turnipseed, Andrew A and Delany, Anthony C and Williams, Mark W and Schmidt, Steven K},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {439},
  number = {7077},
  pages = {711--714},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{muehleisenNutrientAdditionDrives,
  title = {Nutrient Addition Drives Declines in Grassland Species Richness Primarily via Enhanced Species Loss},
  author = {Muehleisen, Andrew J. and Watkins, Carmen R. E. and Altmire, Gabriella R. and Shaw, E. Ashley and Case, Madelon F. and Aoyama, Lina and Brambila, Alejandro and Reed, Paul B. and LaForgia, Marina and Borer, Elizabeth T. and Seabloom, Eric W. and Bakker, Jonathan D. and Amillas, Carlos Alberto and Biederman, Lori and Chen, Qingqing and Cleland, Elsa E. and Fay, Philip A. and Hagenah, Nicole and Harpole, Stan and Hautier, Yann and Henning, Jeremiah A. and Knops, Johannes M. H. and Komatsu, Kimberly J. and Ladouceur, Emma and MacDougall, Andrew and McCulley, Rebecca L. and Moore, Joslin L. and Ohlert, Tim and Power, Sally A. and Stevens, Carly J. and Wilfahrt, Peter and Hallett, Lauren M.},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  issn = {1365-2745},
  doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.14038},
  urldate = {2022-12-07},
  abstract = {Declines in grassland diversity in response to nutrient addition are a general consequence of global change. This decline in species richness may be driven by multiple underlying processes operating at different time-scales. Nutrient addition can reduce diversity by enhancing the rate of local extinction via competitive exclusion, or by reducing the rate of colonization by constraining the pool of species able to colonize under new conditions. Partitioning net change into extinction and colonization rates will better delineate the long-term effect of global change in grasslands. We synthesized changes in richness in response to experimental fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with micronutrients across 30 grasslands. We quantified changes in local richness, colonization, and extinction over 8--10 years of nutrient addition, and compared these rates against control conditions to isolate the effect of nutrient addition from background dynamics. Total richness at steady state in the control plots was the sum of equal, relatively high rates of local colonization and extinction. On aggregate, 30\%--35\% of initial species were lost and the same proportion of new species were gained at least once over a decade. Absolute turnover increased with site-level richness but was proportionately greater at lower-richness sites relative to starting richness. Loss of total richness with nutrient addition, especially N in combination with P or K, was driven by enhanced rates of extinction with a smaller contribution from reduced colonization. Enhanced extinction and reduced colonization were disproportionately among native species, perennials, and forbs. Reduced colonization plateaued after the first few ({$<$}5) years after nutrient addition, while enhanced extinction continued throughout the first decade. Synthesis. Our results indicate a high rate of colonizations and extinctions underlying the richness of ambient communities and that nutrient enhancement drives overall declines in diversity primarily by exclusion of previously established species. Moreover, enhanced extinction continues over long time-scales, suggesting continuous, long-term community responses and a need for long-term study to fully realize the extinction impact of increased nutrients on grassland composition.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {dynamic equilibrium,grasslands,nutrient enrichment,Nutrient Network (NutNet),plant population and community dynamics,richness,turnover},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2745.14038}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/3CH3J63X/Muehleisen et al. - Nutrient addition drives declines in grassland spe.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/EL39VSY4/1365-2745.html}
}

@article{muhrEffectsSoilFrost2009,
  title = {Effects of Soil Frost on Soil Respiration and Its Radiocarbon Signature in a {{Norway}} Spruce Forest Soil},
  author = {Muhr, {\relax JAN} and Borken, Werner and Matzner, Egbert},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {15},
  number = {4},
  pages = {782--793},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@book{munterLawinenRisikomanagementIm2003,
  title = {3 x 3 {{Lawinen}}: {{Risikomanagement}} Im {{Wintersport}}},
  author = {Munter, Werner},
  year = {2003},
  publisher = {Pohl und Schellhammer, Ed. Vivalpin}
}

@article{murrayClimateLanduseChange2021,
  title = {Climate and Land-Use Change Severity Alter Trait-Based Responses to Habitat Conversion},
  author = {Murray, Alexander H and Nowakowski, A Justin and Frishkoff, Luke O},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Global Ecology and Biogeography},
  volume = {30},
  number = {3},
  pages = {598--610},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@techreport{murrayIdahoWaterUse2018,
  title = {Idaho Water Use, 2015},
  author = {Murray, Erin M},
  year = {2018},
  institution = {US Geological Survey}
}

@article{myers-smithComplexityRevealedGreening2020,
  title = {Complexity Revealed in the Greening of the {{Arctic}}},
  author = {{Myers-Smith}, Isla H. and Kerby, Jeffrey T. and Phoenix, Gareth K. and Bjerke, Jarle W. and Epstein, Howard E. and Assmann, Jakob J. and John, Christian and {Andreu-Hayles}, Laia and {Angers-Blondin}, Sandra and Beck, Pieter S. A. and Berner, Logan T. and Bhatt, Uma S. and Bjorkman, Anne D. and Blok, Daan and Bryn, Anders and Christiansen, Casper T. and Cornelissen, J. Hans C. and Cunliffe, Andrew M. and Elmendorf, Sarah C. and Forbes, Bruce C. and Goetz, Scott J. and Hollister, Robert D. and {de Jong}, Rogier and Loranty, Michael M. and {Macias-Fauria}, Marc and Maseyk, Kadmiel and Normand, Signe and Olofsson, Johan and Parker, Thomas C. and Parmentier, Frans-Jan W. and Post, Eric and {Schaepman-Strub}, Gabriela and Stordal, Frode and Sullivan, Patrick F. and Thomas, Haydn J. D. and T{\o}mmervik, Hans and Treharne, Rachael and Tweedie, Craig E. and Walker, Donald A. and Wilmking, Martin and Wipf, Sonja},
  year = {2020},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {106--117},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1758-6798},
  doi = {10.1038/s41558-019-0688-1},
  urldate = {2022-10-17},
  abstract = {As the Arctic warms, vegetation is responding, and satellite measures indicate widespread greening at high latitudes. This `greening of the Arctic' is among the world's most important large-scale ecological responses to global climate change. However, a consensus is emerging that the underlying causes and future dynamics of so-called Arctic greening and browning trends are more complex, variable and inherently scale-dependent than previously thought. Here we summarize the complexities of observing and interpreting high-latitude greening to identify priorities for future research. Incorporating satellite and proximal remote sensing with in-situ data, while accounting for uncertainties and scale issues, will advance the study of past, present and future Arctic vegetation change.},
  copyright = {2020 Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Climate change,Climate-change ecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0688-1}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/JHKS224D/Myers-Smith et al. - 2020 - Complexity revealed in the greening of the Arctic.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/T4Q2IIEG/s41558-019-0688-1.html}
}

@article{myers-smithComplexityRevealedGreening2020a,
  title = {Complexity Revealed in the Greening of the {{Arctic}}},
  author = {{Myers-Smith}, Isla H and Kerby, Jeffrey T and Phoenix, Gareth K and Bjerke, Jarle W and Epstein, Howard E and Assmann, Jakob J and John, Christian and {Andreu-Hayles}, Laia and {Angers-Blondin}, Sandra and Beck, Pieter SA and others},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {106--117},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{neiraAdaptiveComanagementBiodiversity2022,
  title = {Adaptive Co-Management of Biodiversity in Rural Socio-Ecological Systems of {{Ecuador}} and {{Latin America}}},
  author = {Neira, Francisco and Ribadeneira, Santiago and {Erazo-Mera}, Estefania and Younes, Nicolas},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Heliyon},
  volume = {8},
  number = {12},
  pages = {e11883},
  issn = {2405-8440},
  doi = {10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11883},
  urldate = {2023-02-20},
  abstract = {Biodiversity management in Ecuador, and across Latin America, focuses on using protected areas for conservation purposes. However, this management strategy does not adequately consider biodiversity interactions with humans by neglecting socio-ecological systems that provide many benefits especially to indigenous and other rural peoples. This paper reviews successful examples of local applications of adaptive co-management that incorporate socio-ecological interactions and the benefits they provide to rural communities in Latin America. These examples show the potential of applying adaptive co-management to manage biodiversity and to revitalize the development of rural communities across the region.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Adaptive co-management,Biodiversity,Biosphere reserves,Ecosystem services,Ecuador,Latin America,Rural socio-ecological systems},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844022031711}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/RBV6TM3C/Neira et al. - 2022 - Adaptive co-management of biodiversity in rural so.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/EU78INQ9/S2405844022031711.html}
}

@article{nomotoDriversLocalExtinction2021,
  title = {Drivers of Local Extinction Risk in Alpine Plants under Warming Climate},
  author = {Nomoto, Hanna A and Alexander, Jake M},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Ecology Letters},
  volume = {24},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1157--1166},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{norbergPhenotypicDiversityEcosystem2001,
  title = {Phenotypic Diversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Changing Environments: A Theoretical Framework},
  author = {Norberg, Jon and Swaney, Dennis P and Dushoff, Jonathan and Lin, Juan and Casagrandi, Renato and Levin, Simon A},
  year = {2001},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {98},
  number = {20},
  pages = {11376--11381},
  publisher = {National Acad Sciences}
}

@article{nowinskiNutrientAdditionPrompts2008,
  title = {Nutrient {{Addition Prompts Rapid Destabilization}} of {{Organic Matter}} in an {{Arctic Tundra Ecosystem}}},
  author = {Nowinski, Nicole S. and Trumbore, Susan E. and Schuur, Edward A. G. and Mack, Michelle C. and Shaver, Gaius R.},
  year = {2008},
  month = feb,
  journal = {Ecosystems},
  volume = {11},
  number = {1},
  pages = {16--25}
}

@article{nunezAssessingImpactsClimate2019,
  title = {Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Biodiversity: Is below 2{$^\circ$} {{C}} Enough?},
  author = {Nunez, Sarahi and Arets, Eric and Alkemade, Rob and Verwer, Caspar and Leemans, Rik},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  volume = {154},
  number = {3},
  pages = {351--365},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{obergSciencePoliticalShould2020,
  title = {Science {{Is Political But Should Not Be Partisan}}},
  author = {{\"O}berg, Gunilla and Elliott, Kevin and Leopold, Annegaaike},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Integrated environmental assessment and management},
  volume = {16},
  number = {1},
  pages = {6--7}
}

@article{oehriVegetationTypeImportant2022,
  title = {Vegetation Type Is an Important Predictor of the Arctic Summer Land Surface Energy Budget},
  author = {Oehri, Jacqueline and {Schaepman-Strub}, Gabriela and Kim, Jin-Soo and Grysko, Raleigh and Kropp, Heather and Gr{\"u}nberg, Inge and Zemlianskii, Vitalii and Sonnentag, Oliver and Euskirchen, Eug{\'e}nie S. and Reji Chacko, Merin and Muscari, Giovanni and Blanken, Peter D. and Dean, Joshua F. and {di Sarra}, Alcide and Harding, Richard J. and Sobota, Ireneusz and Kutzbach, Lars and Plekhanova, Elena and Riihel{\"a}, Aku and Boike, Julia and Miller, Nathaniel B. and Beringer, Jason and {L{\'o}pez-Blanco}, Efr{\'e}n and Stoy, Paul C. and Sullivan, Ryan C. and Kejna, Marek and Parmentier, Frans-Jan W. and Gamon, John A. and Mastepanov, Mikhail and Wille, Christian and {Jackowicz-Korczynski}, Marcin and Karger, Dirk N. and Quinton, William L. and Putkonen, Jaakko and {van As}, Dirk and Christensen, Torben R. and Hakuba, Maria Z. and Stone, Robert S. and Metzger, Stefan and Vandecrux, Baptiste and Frost, Gerald V. and Wild, Martin and Hansen, Birger and Meloni, Daniela and Domine, Florent and {te Beest}, Mariska and Sachs, Torsten and Kalhori, Aram and Rocha, Adrian V. and Williamson, Scott N. and Morris, Sara and Atchley, Adam L. and Essery, Richard and Runkle, Benjamin R. K. and Holl, David and Riihimaki, Laura D. and Iwata, Hiroki and Schuur, Edward A. G. and Cox, Christopher J. and Grachev, Andrey A. and McFadden, Joseph P. and Fausto, Robert S. and G{\"o}ckede, Mathias and Ueyama, Masahito and Pirk, Norbert and {de Boer}, Gijs and {Bret-Harte}, M. Syndonia and Lepp{\"a}ranta, Matti and Steffen, Konrad and Friborg, Thomas and Ohmura, Atsumu and Edgar, Colin W. and Olofsson, Johan and Chambers, Scott D.},
  year = {2022},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {6379},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-34049-3},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  abstract = {Despite the importance of high-latitude surface energy budgets (SEBs) for land-climate interactions in the rapidly changing Arctic, uncertainties in their prediction persist. Here, we harmonize SEB observations across a network of vegetated and glaciated sites at circumpolar scale (1994--2021). Our variance-partitioning analysis identifies vegetation type as an important predictor for SEB-components during Arctic summer (June-August), compared to other SEB-drivers including climate, latitude and permafrost characteristics. Differences among vegetation types can be of similar magnitude as between vegetation and glacier surfaces and are especially high for summer sensible and latent heat fluxes. The timing of SEB-flux summer-regimes (when daily mean values exceed 0 Wm-2) relative to snow-free and -onset dates varies substantially depending on vegetation type, implying vegetation controls on snow-cover and SEB-flux seasonality. Our results indicate complex shifts in surface energy fluxes with land-cover transitions and a lengthening summer season, and highlight the potential for improving future Earth system models via a refined representation of Arctic vegetation types.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Atmospheric dynamics,Climate and Earth system modelling,Cryospheric science,Ecosystem ecology,Phenology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-34049-3}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/247ZM8IX/Oehri et al. - 2022 - Vegetation type is an important predictor of the a.pdf}
}

@article{ogleHierarchicalMultivariateMetaanalysis2021,
  title = {A Hierarchical, Multivariate Meta-Analysis Approach to Synthesising Global Change Experiments},
  author = {Ogle, Kiona and Liu, Yao and Vicca, Sara and Bahn, Michael},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {New Phytologist},
  volume = {231},
  number = {6},
  pages = {2382--2394},
  issn = {1469-8137},
  doi = {10.1111/nph.17562},
  urldate = {2023-04-11},
  abstract = {Meta-analyses enable synthesis of results from globally distributed experiments to draw general conclusions about the impacts of global change factors on ecosystem function. Traditional meta-analyses, however, are challenged by the complexity and diversity of experimental results. We illustrate how several key issues can be addressed by a multivariate, hierarchical Bayesian meta-analysis (MHBM) approach applied to information extracted from published studies. We applied an MHBM to log-response ratios for aboveground biomass (AB, n = 300), belowground biomass (BB, n = 205) and soil CO2 exchange (SCE, n = 544), representing 100 studies. The MHBM accounted for study duration, climate effects and covariation among the AB, BB and SCE responses to elevated CO2 (eCO2) and/or warming. The MHBM revealed significant among-study covariation in the AB and BB responses to experimental treatments. The MHBM imputed missing duration (4.2\%) and climate (6\%) data, and revealed that climate context governs how eCO2 and warming impact ecosystem function. Predictions identified biomes that may be particularly sensitive to eCO2 or warming, but that are under-represented in global change experiments. The MHBM approach offers a flexible and powerful tool for synthesising disparate experimental results reported across multiple studies, sites and response variables.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Bayesian meta-analysis,climate warming,elevated CO2,global change experiments,hierarchical model,incomplete reporting,multivariate meta-analysis},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.17562}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GCBX2CRB/Ogle et al. - 2021 - A hierarchical, multivariate meta-analysis approac.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/QAWIIX64/nph.html}
}

@article{oquistWaterAvailabilityControls2009,
  title = {Water Availability Controls Microbial Temperature Responses in Frozen Soil {{CO2}} Production},
  author = {{\"O}QUIST, MATS G and Sparrman, Tobias and Klemedtsson, Leif and Drotz, Stina Harrysson and Grip, Harald and Schleucher, J{\"u}rgen and Nilsson, Mats},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {15},
  number = {11},
  pages = {2715--2722},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{oreskesScientificConsensusClimate2004,
  title = {The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change},
  author = {Oreskes, Naomi},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {306},
  number = {5702},
  pages = {1686--1686},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@book{oreskesWhyTrustScience2019,
  title = {Why Trust Science?},
  author = {Oreskes, Naomi},
  year = {2019},
  publisher = {Princeton University Press}
}

@article{ortizReviewInteractionsBiodiversity2021,
  title = {A Review of the Interactions between Biodiversity, Agriculture, Climate Change, and International Trade: {{Research}} and Policy Priorities},
  author = {Ortiz, Andrea Monica D and Outhwaite, Charlotte L and Dalin, Carole and Newbold, Tim},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {One Earth},
  volume = {4},
  number = {1},
  pages = {88--101},
  publisher = {Elsevier}
}

@article{parkerShrubExpansionArctic2021,
  title = {Shrub Expansion in the {{Arctic}} May Induce Large-Scale Carbon Losses Due to Changes in Plant-Soil Interactions},
  author = {Parker, Thomas C and Thurston, Alana M and Raundrup, Katrine and Subke, Jens-Arne and Wookey, Philip A and Hartley, Iain P},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Plant and Soil},
  pages = {1--9},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{parnellJointPalaeoclimateReconstruction2016,
  title = {Joint Palaeoclimate Reconstruction from Pollen Data via Forward Models and Climate Histories},
  author = {Parnell, Andrew C. and Haslett, John and Sweeney, James and Doan, Thinh K. and Allen, Judy R. M. and Huntley, Brian},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Quaternary Science Reviews},
  volume = {151},
  pages = {111--126},
  issn = {0277-3791},
  doi = {10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.007},
  urldate = {2024-10-15},
  abstract = {We present a method and software for reconstructing palaeoclimate from pollen data with a focus on accounting for and reducing uncertainty. The tools we use include: forward models, which enable us to account for the data generating process and hence the complex relationship between pollen and climate; joint inference, which reduces uncertainty by borrowing strength between aspects of climate and slices of the core; and dynamic climate histories, which allow for a far richer gamut of inferential possibilities. Through a Monte Carlo approach we generate numerous equally probable joint climate histories, each of which is represented by a sequence of values of three climate dimensions in discrete time, i.e. a multivariate time series. All histories are consistent with the uncertainties in the forward model and the natural temporal variability in climate. Once generated, these histories can provide most probable climate estimates with uncertainty intervals. This is particularly important as attention moves to the dynamics of past climate changes. For example, such methods allow us to identify, with realistic uncertainty, the past century that exhibited the greatest warming. We illustrate our method with two data sets: Laguna de la Roya, with a radiocarbon dated chronology and hence timing uncertainty; and Lago Grande di Monticchio, which contains laminated sediment and extends back to the penultimate glacial stage. The procedure is made available via an open source R package, Bclim, for which we provide code and instructions.},
  keywords = {Chronological uncertainty,Climate histories,Forward models,Joint inference,Palaeoclimate reconstruction,Palynology,Statistical modelling},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379116303511}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/PQN3HENG/Parnell et al. - 2016 - Joint palaeoclimate reconstruction from pollen data via forward models and climate histories.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/ZKG3G6T4/S0277379116303511.html}
}

@article{parsonsSoilCarbonDioxide2004,
  title = {Soil Carbon Dioxide Flux in {{Antarctic}} Dry Valley Ecosystems},
  author = {Parsons, Andrew N and Barrett, {\relax JE} and Wall, Diana H and Virginia, Ross A},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {Ecosystems},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {286--295},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{pattisonDifferentialEcophysiologicalResponse2014,
  title = {Differential Ecophysiological Response of Deciduous Shrubs and a Graminoid to Long-Term Experimental Snow Reductions and Additions in Moist Acidic Tundra, {{Northern Alaska}}},
  author = {Pattison, Robert R and Welker, Jeffrey M},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Oecologia},
  volume = {174},
  number = {2},
  pages = {339--350},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{pauliRecentPlantDiversity2012,
  title = {Recent Plant Diversity Changes on {{Europe}}'s Mountain Summits},
  author = {Pauli, Harald and Gottfried, Michael and Dullinger, Stefan and Abdaladze, Otari and Akhalkatsi, Maia and Alonso, Jos{\'e} Luis Benito and Coldea, Gheorghe and Dick, Jan and Erschbamer, Brigitta and Calzado, Rosa Fern{\'a}ndez and others},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {336},
  number = {6079},
  pages = {353--355},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@article{pedersenComprehensiveApproachSoilatmosphere2010,
  title = {A Comprehensive Approach to Soil-Atmosphere Trace-Gas Flux Estimation with Static Chambers},
  author = {Pedersen, A. R. and Petersen, S. O. and Schelde, K.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {European Journal of Soil Science},
  volume = {61},
  number = {6},
  pages = {888--902},
  issn = {1365-2389},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01291.x},
  urldate = {2023-08-10},
  abstract = {A new procedure (HMR) for soil-atmosphere trace-gas flux estimation with static chambers is presented. It classifies data series into three categories according to criteria based on the application of a particular non-linear model and provides statistical data analyses for all categories. The two main categories are non-linear and linear concentration data, for which data are analysed by, respectively, the non-linear model and linear regression. The third category is represented by concentration data within the range of experimental error, or noise, from sites with no significant flux. Data in this category may be analysed by linear regression or simply classified as no flux. The particular non-linear model has been selected among alternatives because its exponential curvature generally fits non-linear static chamber concentration data well, and because it can be proven, mathematically, to be robust against horizontal gas transport through the soil or leaks in the chamber. The application of the HMR procedure is demonstrated on 244 data series of nitrous oxide accumulation over time. On average, 47\% of these data were non-linear, with an average flux increase over linear regression of 52\%. The classification and analysis of data with a small signal-to-noise ratio requires special attention, and it is demonstrated how diagnostic graphical plots may be used to select the appropriate data analysis. The HMR procedure has been implemented as a free add-on package for the free software R and is available for download through CRAN (http://www.r-project.org).},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation {\copyright} 2010 British Society of Soil Science},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01291.x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/NW6JZM3G/Pedersen et al. - 2010 - A comprehensive approach to soil-atmosphere trace-.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/3MXFHEHB/j.1365-2389.2010.01291.html}
}

@article{pedersenComprehensiveApproachSoilatmosphere2010a,
  title = {A Comprehensive Approach to Soil-Atmosphere Trace-Gas Flux Estimation with Static Chambers},
  author = {Pedersen, A. R. and Petersen, S. O. and Schelde, K.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {European Journal of Soil Science},
  volume = {61},
  number = {6},
  pages = {888--902},
  issn = {1365-2389},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01291.x},
  urldate = {2023-10-10},
  abstract = {A new procedure (HMR) for soil-atmosphere trace-gas flux estimation with static chambers is presented. It classifies data series into three categories according to criteria based on the application of a particular non-linear model and provides statistical data analyses for all categories. The two main categories are non-linear and linear concentration data, for which data are analysed by, respectively, the non-linear model and linear regression. The third category is represented by concentration data within the range of experimental error, or noise, from sites with no significant flux. Data in this category may be analysed by linear regression or simply classified as no flux. The particular non-linear model has been selected among alternatives because its exponential curvature generally fits non-linear static chamber concentration data well, and because it can be proven, mathematically, to be robust against horizontal gas transport through the soil or leaks in the chamber. The application of the HMR procedure is demonstrated on 244 data series of nitrous oxide accumulation over time. On average, 47\% of these data were non-linear, with an average flux increase over linear regression of 52\%. The classification and analysis of data with a small signal-to-noise ratio requires special attention, and it is demonstrated how diagnostic graphical plots may be used to select the appropriate data analysis. The HMR procedure has been implemented as a free add-on package for the free software R and is available for download through CRAN (http://www.r-project.org).},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01291.x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/94RF259Z/Pedersen et al. - 2010 - A comprehensive approach to soil-atmosphere trace-.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/AJBNGI3N/j.1365-2389.2010.01291.html}
}

@article{pedersenComprehensiveApproachSoilatmosphere2010b,
  title = {A Comprehensive Approach to Soil-Atmosphere Trace-Gas Flux Estimation with Static Chambers},
  author = {Pedersen, A. R. and Petersen, S. O. and Schelde, K.},
  year = {2010},
  journal = {European Journal of Soil Science},
  volume = {61},
  number = {6},
  pages = {888--902},
  issn = {1365-2389},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01291.x},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {A new procedure (HMR) for soil-atmosphere trace-gas flux estimation with static chambers is presented. It classifies data series into three categories according to criteria based on the application of a particular non-linear model and provides statistical data analyses for all categories. The two main categories are non-linear and linear concentration data, for which data are analysed by, respectively, the non-linear model and linear regression. The third category is represented by concentration data within the range of experimental error, or noise, from sites with no significant flux. Data in this category may be analysed by linear regression or simply classified as no flux. The particular non-linear model has been selected among alternatives because its exponential curvature generally fits non-linear static chamber concentration data well, and because it can be proven, mathematically, to be robust against horizontal gas transport through the soil or leaks in the chamber. The application of the HMR procedure is demonstrated on 244 data series of nitrous oxide accumulation over time. On average, 47\% of these data were non-linear, with an average flux increase over linear regression of 52\%. The classification and analysis of data with a small signal-to-noise ratio requires special attention, and it is demonstrated how diagnostic graphical plots may be used to select the appropriate data analysis. The HMR procedure has been implemented as a free add-on package for the free software R and is available for download through CRAN (http://www.r-project.org).},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2010 The Authors. Journal compilation {\copyright} 2010 British Society of Soil Science},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01291.x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/CT3GMQ7F/Pedersen et al. - 2010 - A comprehensive approach to soil-atmosphere trace-gas flux estimation with static chambers.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/NNAVYW5Z/j.1365-2389.2010.01291.html}
}

@article{pengEffectsWarmingClipping2014,
  title = {Effects of Warming and Clipping on Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes across Two Hydrologically Contrasting Years in an Alpine Meadow of the {{Qinghai-Tibet Plateau}}},
  author = {Peng, Fei and You, Quangang and Xu, Manhou and Guo, Jian and Wang, Tao and Xue, Xian},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {PLoS One},
  volume = {9},
  number = {10},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science}
}

@article{pengPlantRatioPredicts,
  title = {Plant {{C}}:{{N}} Ratio Predicts Community Composition Changes under {{N}} Addition in an Alpine Meadow},
  shorttitle = {Plant {{C}}},
  author = {Peng, Jinlong and Ma, Fangfang and Tian, Dashuan and Quan, Quan and Chen, Chen and Liao, Jiaqiang and Zhou, Qingping and Niu, Shuli},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  issn = {1365-2745},
  doi = {10.1111/1365-2745.14048},
  urldate = {2022-12-07},
  abstract = {Plant functional traits play important roles in determining plant responses to environmental change and further shaping community composition, but the role of plant stoichiometry remains poorly understood in regulating community responses to continually increased nitrogen (N) deposition. In this paper, we used a 5-year manipulative experiment with six N addition rates (Nrate) to explore how the N response of different plant functional groups including forbs, grasses, sedges and legumes links to above-ground plant carbon-to-N ratio (C:N, related to N use strategies) in an alpine meadow. We found that plant C:N explained 45.8\% and 42.6\% of N response variation among functional groups in plant above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) and abundance. Over increasing Nrate, functional groups with higher C:N (grasses and sedges) tended to grow better and have greater abundance, yet those with lower C:N (forbs and legumes) were at risk of loss, subsequently mitigating the N-caused decline in community-level plant C:N. This was mainly due to that functional groups with higher C:N not only possessed higher N use efficiency but also had greater competitiveness for above-ground light due to higher plant height. In addition, we also found that plant C:N differences among functional groups remained relatively constant over Nrate, suggesting that the ability of this trait to indicate functional group-specific N responses was stable. Synthesis. Our results show that the N responses of different herbaceous plants can be well explained by plant C:N. Thus, we suggest the prediction of plant community composition changes under N deposition would be greatly improved by considering this easily measured stoichiometric trait.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {alpine meadow,C:N ratio,ecological stoichiometry,functional trait,N deposition,plant community composition,productivity},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2745.14048}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/9QEJRYFJ/Peng et al. - Plant CN ratio predicts community composition cha.pdf}
}

@article{pinekRateEnvironmentalChange2020,
  title = {Rate of Environmental Change across Scales in Ecology},
  author = {Pinek, Liliana and Mansour, India and Lakovic, Milica and Ryo, Masahiro and Rillig, Matthias C},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Biological Reviews},
  volume = {95},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1798--1811},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{polyakovGreaterRoleAtlantic2017,
  title = {Greater Role for {{Atlantic}} Inflows on Sea-Ice Loss in the {{Eurasian Basin}} of the {{Arctic Ocean}}},
  author = {Polyakov, Igor V. and Pnyushkov, Andrey V. and Alkire, Matthew B. and Ashik, Igor M. and Baumann, Till M. and Carmack, Eddy C. and Goszczko, Ilona and Guthrie, John and Ivanov, Vladimir V. and Kanzow, Torsten},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {356},
  number = {6335},
  pages = {285--291},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/QCSA7PCT/science.html;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/W3QCVV9Z/science.html}
}

@article{polyakovGreaterRoleAtlantic2017a,
  title = {Greater Role for {{Atlantic}} Inflows on Sea-Ice Loss in the {{Eurasian Basin}} of the {{Arctic Ocean}}},
  author = {Polyakov, Igor V. and Pnyushkov, Andrey V. and Alkire, Matthew B. and Ashik, Igor M. and Baumann, Till M. and Carmack, Eddy C. and Goszczko, Ilona and Guthrie, John and Ivanov, Vladimir V. and Kanzow, Torsten},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {356},
  number = {6335},
  pages = {285--291},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/BJ4XPRYI/science.html}
}

@incollection{ponthieuEuropeanGreenDeal2020,
  title = {The {{European Green Deal}} and {{Other Climate Plans}}},
  booktitle = {The {{Climate Crisis}}, {{Democracy}} and {{Governance}}},
  author = {Ponthieu, Eric},
  year = {2020},
  pages = {17--36},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{popkinForestQuestion2019,
  title = {The Forest Question},
  author = {Popkin, Gabriel},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {565},
  number = {7739},
  pages = {280--282},
  publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Ltd., London, England}
}

@article{popovCurrentStatePleistocene2020,
  title = {The Current State of {{Pleistocene Park}}, {{Russia}} ({{An}} Experiment in the Restoration of Megafauna in a Boreal Environment)},
  author = {Popov, Igor},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  journal = {The Holocene},
  volume = {30},
  number = {10},
  pages = {1471--1473},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
  issn = {0959-6836},
  doi = {10.1177/0959683620932975},
  urldate = {2022-11-04},
  abstract = {Pleistocene Park is a protected area located near the Arctic Circle in the Eastern part of Russia. It was established by Sergey Zimov and his team in order to perform an experiment on the restoration of the environment that existed there during the Pleistocene period. It was expected that low-productivity boreal habitats would be replaced by highly-productive grasslands resembling African savanna. This experiment was launched in 1988, and its continuation is planned for the indefinite future. The territory of the park was surveyed recently and its actual state was characterized.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683620932975}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/X3JZEVH9/Popov - 2020 - The current state of Pleistocene Park, Russia (An .pdf}
}

@article{pragerClimateMultipleDimensions2021,
  title = {Climate and Multiple Dimensions of Plant Diversity Regulate Ecosystem Carbon Exchange along an Elevational Gradient},
  author = {Prager, Case M. and Jing, Xin and Henning, Jeremiah A. and Read, Quentin D. and Meidl, Peter and Lavorel, Sandra and Sanders, Nathan J. and Sundqvist, Maja and Wardle, David A. and Classen, Aimee T.},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Ecosphere},
  volume = {12},
  number = {4},
  pages = {e03472},
  doi = {10.1002/ecs2.3472},
  keywords = {abiotic,biodiversity,ecosystem carbon dynamics,elevational gradient,NEE,net ecosystem exchange,plant},
  note = {\url{https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ecs2.3472}}
}

@article{pugnaireClimateChangeEffects2019,
  title = {Climate Change Effects on Plant-Soil Feedbacks and Consequences for Biodiversity and Functioning of Terrestrial Ecosystems},
  author = {Pugnaire, Francisco I and Morillo, Jos{\'e} A and Pe{\~n}uelas, Josep and Reich, Peter B and Bardgett, Richard D and Gaxiola, Aurora and Wardle, David A and Van Der Putten, Wim H},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Science advances},
  volume = {5},
  number = {11},
  pages = {eaaz1834},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@manual{purrr2023,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Purrr: {{Functional}} Programming Tools},
  author = {Wickham, Hadley and Henry, Lionel},
  year = {2023},
  note = {\url{https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=purrr}}
}

@techreport{purvisChapterStatusTrends2019,
  title = {Chapter 2.2 {{Status}} and {{Trends}} --{{Nature}}},
  author = {Purvis, Andy and Moln{\'a}r, Zsolt and Obura, David and Ichii, Kazuhito and Willis, Katherine and Chettri, Nakul and Dulloo, Mohammad and Hendry, Andrew and Gabrielyan, Bardukh and Gutt, Julian and Jacob, Ute and Keskin, Emre and Niamir, Aidin and {\"O}zt{\"u}rk, Bayram and Salimov, Rashad and Jaureguiberry, Pedro},
  year = {2019},
  month = may,
  institution = {Zenodo},
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.5517457},
  urldate = {2024-02-02},
  abstract = {This document contains Chapter 2.2 of the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Chapter,Global Assessment,IPBES},
  note = {\url{https://zenodo.org/records/5517457}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/IGH7UBG2/Purvis et al. - 2019 - Chapter 2.2 Status and Trends –Nature.pdf}
}

@manual{rcoreteamLanguageEnvironmentStatistical2024,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing},
  author = {{R Core Team}},
  year = {2024},
  address = {Vienna, Austria},
  institution = {R Foundation for Statistical Computing},
  note = {\url{https://www.R-project.org/}}
}

@manual{readr2024,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Readr: {{Read}} Rectangular Text Data},
  author = {Wickham, Hadley and Hester, Jim and Bryan, Jennifer},
  year = {2024},
  note = {\url{https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=readr}}
}

@misc{ResiliencePersistentArctic,
  title = {Resilience of Persistent {{Arctic}} Mixed-Phase Clouds {\textbar} {{Nature Geoscience}}},
  urldate = {2022-10-19},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1332}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/SCRCMNQE/ngeo1332.html}
}

@article{rheaultGoFluxUserfriendlyWay2024,
  title = {{{goFlux}}: {{A}} User-Friendly Way to Calculate {{GHG}} Fluxes Yourself, Regardless of User Experience},
  shorttitle = {{{goFlux}}},
  author = {Rheault, Karelle and Christiansen, Jesper Riis and Larsen, Klaus Steenberg},
  year = {2024},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {9},
  number = {96},
  pages = {6393},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.06393},
  urldate = {2024-06-25},
  abstract = {Rheault et al., (2024). goFlux: A user-friendly way to calculate GHG fluxes yourself, regardless of user experience. Journal of Open Source Software, 9(96), 6393, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.06393},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://joss.theoj.org/papers/10.21105/joss.06393}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/FPLJ7XH4/Rheault et al. - 2024 - goFlux A user-friendly way to calculate GHG fluxe.pdf}
}

@article{rinnanPlantmediatedEffectsElevated2008,
  title = {Plant-Mediated Effects of Elevated Ultraviolet-{{B}} Radiation on Peat Microbial Communities of a Subarctic Mire},
  author = {Rinnan, Riikka and NERG, ANNE-MARJA and Ahtoniemi, Pauliina and Suokanerva, Hanne and Holopainen, Toini and Kyroe, Esko and B{\aa}{\aa}th, Erland},
  year = {2008},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {14},
  number = {4},
  pages = {925--937},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{rudzkiGuideDevelopingField2022,
  title = {A Guide for Developing a Field Research Safety Manual That Explicitly Considers Risks for Marginalized Identities in the Sciences},
  author = {Rudzki, Elizabeth N. and Kuebbing, Sara E. and Clark, David R. and Gharaibeh, Burhan and Janecka, Mary J. and Kramp, Rachael and Kohl, Kevin D. and Mastalski, Talia and Ohmer, Michel E. B. and Turcotte, Martin M. and {Richards-Zawacki}, Corinne L.},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Methods in Ecology and Evolution},
  volume = {13},
  number = {11},
  pages = {2318--2330},
  issn = {2041-210X},
  doi = {10.1111/2041-210X.13970},
  urldate = {2022-12-02},
  abstract = {Field research can be an important component of the career trajectories for researchers in numerous academic fields; however, conducting research in field settings poses risks to health and safety, and researchers from marginalized groups often face greater risks than those experienced by other researchers in their fields; If these additional risks are not actively and thoughtfully mitigated, they are likely to hinder the participation of qualified investigators in field research and counteract efforts to improve and promote diversity, equity and inclusion in the field sciences. Here we provide, from our perspectives as co-authors of a field safety manual for the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania, United States, (A) background on risks and barriers that should be considered when planning and conducting field research and (B) suggestions on how to work as a collaborative team for developing an inclusive field safety manual. As an example of a manual this proposed process has yielded, we have included our own field safety manual written with diversity, equity and inclusion as a central focus. We hope this publication serves as a starting point for those interested in developing a similar document for use in their laboratory group, department or institution.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {accessibility,diversity,equity,field research,intersectionality,marginalized identities,risk mitigation,safety manual},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/2041-210X.13970}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/8NWWP7C8/Rudzki et al. - 2022 - A guide for developing a field research safety man.pdf}
}

@article{ruehrEvidenceAttributionEnhanced2023,
  title = {Evidence and Attribution of the Enhanced Land Carbon Sink},
  author = {Ruehr, Sophie and Keenan, Trevor F. and Williams, Christopher and Zhou, Yu and Lu, Xinchen and Bastos, Ana and Canadell, Josep G. and Prentice, Iain Colin and Sitch, Stephen and Terrer, C{\'e}sar},
  year = {2023},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Nature Reviews Earth \& Environment},
  pages = {1--17},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2662-138X},
  doi = {10.1038/s43017-023-00456-3},
  urldate = {2023-08-01},
  abstract = {Climate change has been partially mitigated by an increasing net land carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere; understanding the processes that drive this sink is thus essential for protecting, managing and projecting this important ecosystem service. In this Review, we examine evidence for an enhanced land carbon sink and attribute the observed response to drivers and processes. This sink has doubled from 1.2\,{\textpm}\,0.5\,PgC\,yr-1 in the 1960s to 3.1\,{\textpm}\,0.6\,PgC\,yr-1 in the 2010s. This trend results largely from carbon dioxide fertilization increasing photosynthesis (driving an increase in the annual land carbon sink of {$>$}2\,PgC globally since 1900), mainly in tropical forest regions, and elevated temperatures reducing cold limitation, mainly at higher latitudes. Continued long-term land carbon sequestration is possible through the end of this century under multiple emissions scenarios, especially if nature-based climate solutions and appropriate ecosystem management are used. A new generation of globally distributed field experiments is needed to improve understanding of future carbon sink potential by measuring belowground carbon release, the response to carbon dioxide enrichment, and long-term shifts in carbon allocation and turnover.},
  copyright = {2023 Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Carbon cycle,Ecophysiology,Ecosystem ecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-023-00456-3}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/F4PVXILS/Ruehr et al. - 2023 - Evidence and attribution of the enhanced land carb.pdf}
}

@article{russoInterspecificGrowthMortality2020,
  title = {The Interspecific Growth--Mortality Trade-off Is Not a General Framework for Tropical Forest Community Structure},
  author = {Russo, Sabrina E and McMahon, Sean M and Detto, Matteo and Ledder, Glenn and Wright, S Joseph and Condit, Richard S and Davies, Stuart J and Ashton, Peter S and Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh and {Chang-Yang}, Chia-Hao and others},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
  pages = {1--10},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{saleskaEffectExperimentalEcosystem1999,
  title = {The Effect of Experimental Ecosystem Warming on {{CO2}} Fluxes in a Montane Meadow},
  author = {Saleska, Scott R. and Harte, {\relax JohN}. and Torn, Margaret S.},
  year = {1999},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {125--141},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00216.x},
  urldate = {2024-07-22},
  abstract = {Climatic change is predicted to alter rates of soil respiration and assimilation of carbon by plants. Net loss of carbon from ecosystems would form a positive feedback enhancing anthropogenic global warming. We tested the effect of increased heat input, one of the most certain impacts of global warming, on net ecosystem carbon exchange in a Rocky Mountain montane meadow. Overhead heaters were used to increase the radiative heat flux into plots spanning a moisture and vegetation gradient. We measured net whole-ecosystem CO2 fluxes using a closed-path chamber system, relatively nondisturbing bases, and a simple model to compensate for both slow chamber leaks and the CO2 concentration-dependence of photosynthetic uptake, in 1993 and 1994. In 1994, we also measured soil respiration separately. The heating treatment altered the timing and magnitude of net carbon fluxes into the dry zone of the plots in 1993 (reducing uptake by {$\approx$}100 g carbon m--2), but had an undetectable effect on carbon fluxes into the moist zone. During a strong drought year (1994), heating altered the timing, but did not significantly alter the cumulative magnitude, of net carbon uptake in the dry zone. Soil respiration measurements showed that when differences were detected in dry zone carbon fluxes, they were caused by changes in carbon input from photosynthesis, not by temperature-driven changes in carbon output from soil respiration. When differences were detected in dry-zone carbon fluxes, they were caused by changes in carbon input from photosynthesis, not by a temperature-driven changes in carbon output from soil respiration. Regression analysis suggested that the reduction in carbon inputs from plants was due to a combination of two soil moisture effects: a direct physiological response to decreased soil moisture, and a shift in plant community composition from high-productivity species to low-productivity species that are more drought tolerant. These results partially support predictions that warming may cause net carbon losses from some terrestrial ecosystems. They also suggest, however, that changes in soil moisture caused by global warming may be as important in driving ecosystem response as the direct effects of increased soil temperature.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {carbon flux,climate change,CO2,feedback,greenhouse gas,montane meadow,soil respiration},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00216.x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/H9WP37YT/Saleska et al. - 1999 - The effect of experimental ecosystem warming on CO.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/3B5Q6JAG/j.1365-2486.1999.00216.html}
}

@article{sandBehavioralEffectsWolf2021,
  title = {Behavioral Effects of Wolf Presence on Moose Habitat Selection: Testing the Landscape of Fear Hypothesis in an Anthropogenic Landscape},
  shorttitle = {Behavioral Effects of Wolf Presence on Moose Habitat Selection},
  author = {Sand, H{\aa}kan and Jamieson, Mark and Andr{\'e}n, Henrik and Wikenros, Camilla and Cromsigt, Joris and M{\aa}nsson, Johan},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Oecologia},
  volume = {197},
  doi = {10.1007/s00442-021-04984-x},
  abstract = {Landscape of fear refers to the spatial variation in prey perception of predation risk, that under certain conditions, may lead to changes in their behavior. Behavioral responses of prey in relation to large carnivore predation risk have mainly been conducted in areas with low anthropogenic impact. We used long-term data on the distribution of moose in different habitat types in a system characterized by intensive management of all three trophic levels (silviculture, harvest of wolves and moose) to study effects on moose habitat selection resulting from the return of an apex predator, the wolf. We assumed that coursing predators such as wolves will cause an increased risk for moose in some habitat types and tested the hypotheses that moose will avoid open or young forest habitats following wolf establishment. After wolf recolonization, moose reduced their use of one type of open habitat (bog) but there was neither change in the use of the other open habitat type (clear-cut), nor in their use of young forest. Wolf establishment did not influence the use of habitat close to dense habitat when being in open habitats. Thus, the effect of wolves varied among habitat types and there was no unidirectional support for a behavioral effect of wolves' establishment on moose habitat use. Human-driven habitat heterogeneity, concentration of moose forage to certain habitat types, and the effects of a multiple predator guild on moose may all contribute to the results found. We conclude that the landscape of fear is likely to have weak ecological effects on moose in this system.},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/DYD6ZX4G/Sand et al. - 2021 - Behavioral effects of wolf presence on moose habit.pdf}
}

@article{sandBehavioralEffectsWolf2021a,
  title = {Behavioral Effects of Wolf Presence on Moose Habitat Selection: Testing the Landscape of Fear Hypothesis in an Anthropogenic Landscape},
  shorttitle = {Behavioral Effects of Wolf Presence on Moose Habitat Selection},
  author = {Sand, H{\aa}kan and Jamieson, Mark and Andr{\'e}n, Henrik and Wikenros, Camilla and Cromsigt, Joris and M{\aa}nsson, Johan},
  year = {2021},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Oecologia},
  volume = {197},
  doi = {10.1007/s00442-021-04984-x},
  abstract = {Landscape of fear refers to the spatial variation in prey perception of predation risk, that under certain conditions, may lead to changes in their behavior. Behavioral responses of prey in relation to large carnivore predation risk have mainly been conducted in areas with low anthropogenic impact. We used long-term data on the distribution of moose in different habitat types in a system characterized by intensive management of all three trophic levels (silviculture, harvest of wolves and moose) to study effects on moose habitat selection resulting from the return of an apex predator, the wolf. We assumed that coursing predators such as wolves will cause an increased risk for moose in some habitat types and tested the hypotheses that moose will avoid open or young forest habitats following wolf establishment. After wolf recolonization, moose reduced their use of one type of open habitat (bog) but there was neither change in the use of the other open habitat type (clear-cut), nor in their use of young forest. Wolf establishment did not influence the use of habitat close to dense habitat when being in open habitats. Thus, the effect of wolves varied among habitat types and there was no unidirectional support for a behavioral effect of wolves' establishment on moose habitat use. Human-driven habitat heterogeneity, concentration of moose forage to certain habitat types, and the effects of a multiple predator guild on moose may all contribute to the results found. We conclude that the landscape of fear is likely to have weak ecological effects on moose in this system.},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/HM9IZ2CQ/Sand et al. - 2021 - Behavioral effects of wolf presence on moose habit.pdf}
}

@article{sandvikResponsesAlpineSnowbed2004,
  title = {Responses of Alpine Snowbed Vegetation to Long-Term Experimental Warming},
  author = {Sandvik, Sylvi M and Heegaard, Einar and Elven, Reidar and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {Ecoscience},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {150--159},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}
}

@misc{savoryAllanSavoryHow,
  title = {Allan {{Savory}}: {{How}} to Fight Desertification and Reverse Climate Change {\textbar} {{TED Talk}}},
  shorttitle = {Allan {{Savory}}},
  author = {Savory, Allan},
  urldate = {2022-11-04},
  abstract = {(NOTE: Statements in this talk have been challenged by scientists working in this field. Please read "Criticisms \& Updates" below for more details.) "Desertification is a fancy word for land that is turning to desert," begins Allan Savory in this quietly powerful talk. And it's happening to about two-thirds of the world's grasslands, accelerating climate change and causing traditional grazing societies to descend into social chaos. Savory has devoted his life to stopping it. He now believes -- and his work may show -- that a surprising factor can protect grasslands and even reclaim degraded land that was once desert.},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.ted.com/talks/allan_savory_how_to_fight_desertification_and_reverse_climate_change}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/QQA66PZD/allan_savory_how_to_fight_desertification_and_reverse_climate_change.html}
}

@book{savoryHolisticManagementThird2016,
  title = {Holistic {{Management}}, {{Third Edition}}: {{A Common}} Sense {{Revolution}} to {{Restore Our Environment}}},
  shorttitle = {Holistic {{Management}}, {{Third Edition}}},
  author = {Savory, Allan and Butterfield, Jody},
  year = {2016},
  month = nov,
  publisher = {Island Press},
  abstract = {Fossil fuels and livestock grazing are often targeted as major culprits behind climate change and desertification. But Allan Savory, cofounder of the Savory Institute, begs to differ. The bigger problem, he warns, is our mismanagement of resources. Livestock grazing is not the problem; it's how we graze livestock. If we don't change the way we approach land management, irreparable harm from climate change could continue long after we replace fossil fuels with environmentally benign energy sources.  Holistic management is a systems-thinking approach for managing resources developed by Savory decades ago after observing the devastation of desertification in his native Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). Properly managed livestock are key to restoring the world's grassland soils, the major sink for atmospheric carbon, and minimizing the most damaging impacts on humans and the natural world. This book updates Savory's paradigm-changing vision for reversing desertification, stemming the loss of biodiversity, eliminating fundamental causes of human impoverishment throughout the world, and climate change. Reorganized chapters make it easier for readers to understand the framework for Holistic Management and the four key insights that underlie it. New color photographs showcase before-and-after examples of land restored by livestock.  This long-anticipated new edition is written for new generations of ranchers, farmers, eco- and social entrepreneurs, and development professionals working to address global environmental and social degradation. It offers new hope that a sustainable future for humankind and the world we depend on is within reach.},
  googlebooks = {QeElDQAAQBAJ},
  isbn = {978-1-61091-743-8},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Nature / Environmental Conservation & Protection,Technology & Engineering / Agriculture / Agronomy / Soil Science,Technology & Engineering / Agriculture / Sustainable Agriculture,Technology & Engineering / General}
}

@article{schellerMethaneZackenbergValley2021,
  title = {Methane in {{Zackenberg Valley}}, {{NE Greenland}}: Multidecadal Growing Season Fluxes of a High-{{Arctic}} Tundra},
  shorttitle = {Methane in {{Zackenberg Valley}}, {{NE Greenland}}},
  author = {Scheller, Johan H. and Mastepanov, Mikhail and Christiansen, Hanne H. and Christensen, Torben R.},
  year = {2021},
  month = nov,
  journal = {Biogeosciences},
  volume = {18},
  number = {23},
  pages = {6093--6114},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {1726-4170},
  doi = {10.5194/bg-18-6093-2021},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  abstract = {The carbon balance of high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems plays an essential role in the atmospheric concentration of trace gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Increasing atmospheric methane levels have contributed to {$\sim$} 20 \% of the observed global warming since the pre-industrial era. Rising temperatures in the Arctic are expected to promote the release of methane from Arctic ecosystems. Still, existing methane flux measurement efforts are sparse and highly scattered, and further attempts to assess the landscape fluxes over multiple years are needed.  Here we combine multi-year July--August methane flux monitoring (2006--2019) from automated flux chambers in the central fens of Zackenberg Valley, northeast Greenland, with several flux measurement campaigns on the most common vegetation types in the valley to estimate the landscape fluxes over 14 years. Methane fluxes based on manual chamber measurements are available from campaigns in 1997, 1999--2000, and in shorter periods from 2007--2013 and were summarized in several published studies. The landscape fluxes are calculated for the entire valley floor and a smaller subsection of the valley floor, containing the productive fen area, Rylek{\ae}rene.  When integrated for the valley floor, the estimated July--August landscape fluxes were low compared to the single previous estimate, while the landscape fluxes for Rylek{\ae}rene were comparable to previous estimates. The valley floor was a net methane source during July--August, with estimated mean methane fluxes ranging from 0.18 to 0.67 mg m-2 h-1. The mean methane fluxes in the fen-rich Rylek{\ae}rene were substantially higher, with fluxes ranging from 0.98 to 3.26 mg m-2 h-1.  A 2017--2018 erosion event indicates that some fen and grassland areas in the center of the valley are becoming unstable following pronounced fluvial erosion and a prolonged period of permafrost warming. Although such physical disturbance in the landscape can disrupt the current ecosystem--atmosphere flux patterns, even pronounced future erosion of ice-rich areas is unlikely to impact methane fluxes on a landscape scale significantly. Instead, projected changes in future climate in the valley play a more critical role. The results show that multi-year landscape methane fluxes are highly variable on a landscape scale and stress the need for long-term spatially distributed measurements in the Arctic.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/18/6093/2021/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/2NJ3HLGK/Scheller et al. - 2021 - Methane in Zackenberg Valley, NE Greenland multid.pdf}
}

@article{schmalePanArcticSeasonalCycles2022,
  title = {Pan-{{Arctic}} Seasonal Cycles and Long-Term Trends of Aerosol Properties from 10 Observatories},
  author = {Schmale, Julia and Sharma, Sangeeta and Decesari, Stefano and Pernov, Jakob and Massling, Andreas and Hansson, Hans-Christen and {von Salzen}, Knut and Skov, Henrik and Andrews, Elisabeth and Quinn, Patricia K. and Upchurch, Lucia M. and Eleftheriadis, Konstantinos and Traversi, Rita and Gilardoni, Stefania and Mazzola, Mauro and Laing, James and Hopke, Philip},
  year = {2022},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  volume = {22},
  number = {5},
  pages = {3067--3096},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {1680-7316},
  doi = {10.5194/acp-22-3067-2022},
  urldate = {2022-10-20},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$><$}strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor"{$>$}Abstract.{$<$}/strong{$>$} Even though the Arctic is remote, aerosol properties observed there are strongly influenced by anthropogenic emissions from outside the Arctic. This is particularly true for the so-called Arctic haze season (January through April). In summer (June through September), when atmospheric transport patterns change, and precipitation is more frequent, local Arctic sources, i.e., natural sources of aerosols and precursors, play an important role. Over the last few decades, significant reductions in anthropogenic emissions have taken place. At the same time a large body of literature shows evidence that the Arctic is undergoing fundamental environmental changes due to climate forcing, leading to enhanced emissions by natural processes that may impact aerosol properties.{$<$}/p{$>$} {$<$}p{$>$}In this study, we analyze 9 aerosol chemical species and 4 particle optical properties from 10 Arctic observatories (Alert, Kevo, Pallas, Summit, Thule, Tiksi, Barrow/Utqia{\.g}vik, Villum, and Gruvebadet and Zeppelin Observatory -- both at Ny-{\AA}lesund Research Station) to understand changes in anthropogenic and natural aerosol contributions. Variables include equivalent black carbon, particulate sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, methanesulfonic acid, sodium, iron, calcium and potassium, as well as scattering and absorption coefficients, single scattering albedo and scattering {\AA}ngstr{\"o}m exponent.{$<$}/p{$>$} {$<$}p{$>$}First, annual cycles are investigated, which despite anthropogenic emission reductions still show the Arctic haze phenomenon. Second, long-term trends are studied using the Mann--Kendall Theil--Sen slope method. We find in total 41 significant trends over full station records, i.e., spanning more than a decade, compared to 26 significant decadal trends. The majority of significantly declining trends is from anthropogenic tracers and occurred during the haze period, driven by emission changes between 1990 and 2000. For the summer period, no uniform picture of trends has emerged. Twenty-six percent of trends, i.e., 19 out of 73, are significant, and of those 5 are positive and 14 are negative. Negative trends include not only anthropogenic tracers such as equivalent black carbon at Kevo, but also natural indicators such as methanesulfonic acid and non-sea-salt calcium at Alert. Positive trends are observed for sulfate at Gruvebadet.{$<$}/p{$>$} {$<$}p{$>$}No clear evidence of a significant change in the natural aerosol contribution can be observed yet. However, testing the sensitivity of the Mann--Kendall Theil--Sen method, we find that monotonic changes of around 5 \% yr\textsuperscript{-1} in an aerosol property are needed to detect a significant trend within one decade. This highlights that long-term efforts well beyond a decade are needed to capture smaller changes. It is particularly important to understand the ongoing natural changes in the Arctic, where interannual variability can be high, such as with forest fire emissions and their influence on the aerosol population.{$<$}/p{$>$} {$<$}p{$>$}To investigate the climate-change-induced influence on the aerosol population and the resulting climate feedback, long-term observations of tracers more specific to natural sources are needed, as well as of particle microphysical properties such as size distributions, which can be used to identify changes in particle populations which are not well captured by mass-oriented methods such as bulk chemical composition.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/3067/2022/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/QM8L47T2/Schmale et al. - 2022 - Pan-Arctic seasonal cycles and long-term trends of.pdf}
}

@article{schmidtDeathTrapLandscape2015,
  title = {A ``Death Trap'' in the Landscape of Fear},
  author = {Schmidt, Krzysztof and Kuijper, Dries P. J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = oct,
  journal = {Mammal Research},
  volume = {60},
  number = {4},
  pages = {275--284},
  issn = {2199-241X},
  doi = {10.1007/s13364-015-0229-x},
  urldate = {2022-11-05},
  abstract = {A crucial element in the ``the landscape of fear'' concept is that prey animals are aware of varying levels of predation risk at a spatial scale. This often leads to a negative spatial relationship between prey and predator in which prey avoid the most risky sites in the landscape. In this paper, we argue that our understanding of large carnivore-ungulate interactions is biased by studies from highly heterogeneous landscapes (e.g. the Yellowstone National Park). Due to a high availability of refuges and foraging sites in such landscapes, prey are able to reduce predation risk by showing habitat shifts. Besides the spatial heterogeneity at the landscape scale, the ungulate response to predation risk can be affected by the hunting mode (stalking vs. cursorial) of the predator. We propose that prey cannot easily avoid predation risk by moving to less risky habitats in more homogenous landscapes with concentrated food resources, especially where the large carnivores' assemblage includes both stalking and cursorial species. No distinct refuges for prey may occur in such landscapes due to equally high accessibility to predators in all habitats, while concentrated resources make prey distribution more predictable. We discuss a model of a densely forested landscape based on a case study of the Bia{\l}owie{\.z}a Primeval Forest, Poland. Within this landscape, ungulates focus their foraging activity on small food-rich forest gaps, which turn out to be ``death traps'' as the gaps are primarily targeted by predators (stalking lynx and cursorial wolf) while hunting. No alternative of moving to low predation risk areas exist for prey due to risk from wolves in surrounding closed-canopy forest. As a result, the prey is exposed to constant high predation pressure in contrast to heterogeneous landscapes with less concentrated resources and more refuge areas. Future research should focus on explaining how ungulates are coping with predation risk in these landscapes that offer little choice of escaping predation by considering behavioural and physiological (e.g. metabolic, hormonal) responses.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Anti-predator response,Behaviourally mediated risk effects,Ecology of fear,Habitat selectivity,Indirect predation effect},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s13364-015-0229-x}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/36NCUCQL/Schmidt and Kuijper - 2015 - A “death trap” in the landscape of fear.pdf}
}

@misc{ScienceNewSocial,
  title = {Science's New Social Contract with Society {\textbar} {{Nature}}},
  urldate = {2022-10-13},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/35011576}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/596LDM9P/35011576.html}
}

@article{seeDecadalIncreasesCarbon2024,
  title = {Decadal Increases in Carbon Uptake Offset by Respiratory Losses across Northern Permafrost Ecosystems},
  author = {See, Craig R. and Virkkala, Anna-Maria and Natali, Susan M. and Rogers, Brendan M. and Mauritz, Marguerite and Biasi, Christina and Bokhorst, Stef and Boike, Julia and {Bret-Harte}, M. Syndonia and Celis, Gerardo and Chae, Namyi and Christensen, Torben R. and Murner (Connon), Sara June and Dengel, Sigrid and Dolman, Han and Edgar, Colin W. and Elberling, Bo and Emmerton, Craig A. and Euskirchen, Eug{\'e}nie S. and G{\"o}ckede, Mathias and Grelle, Achim and Heffernan, Liam and Helbig, Manuel and Holl, David and Humphreys, Elyn and Iwata, Hiroki and J{\"a}rveoja, J{\"a}rvi and Kobayashi, Hideki and Kochendorfer, John and Kolari, Pasi and Kotani, Ayumi and Kutzbach, Lars and Kwon, Min Jung and Lathrop, Emma R. and {L{\'o}pez-Blanco}, Efr{\'e}n and Mammarella, Ivan and Marushchak, Maija E. and Mastepanov, Mikhail and Matsuura, Yojiro and Merbold, Lutz and Meyer, Gesa and Minions, Christina and Nilsson, Mats B. and Nojeim, Julia and Oberbauer, Steven F. and Olefeldt, David and Park, Sang-Jong and Parmentier, Frans-Jan W. and Peichl, Matthias and Peter, Darcy and Petrov, Roman and Poyatos, Rafael and Prokushkin, Anatoly S. and Quinton, William and Rodenhizer, Heidi and Sachs, Torsten and Savage, Kathleen and Schulze, Christopher and Sj{\"o}gersten, Sofie and Sonnentag, Oliver and St. Louis, Vincent L. and Torn, Margaret S. and Tuittila, Eeva-Stiina and Ueyama, Masahito and Varlagin, Andrej and Voigt, Carolina and Watts, Jennifer D. and Zona, Donatella and Zyryanov, Viacheslav I. and Schuur, Edward A. G.},
  year = {2024},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Nature Climate Change},
  volume = {14},
  number = {8},
  pages = {853--862},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1758-6798},
  doi = {10.1038/s41558-024-02057-4},
  urldate = {2025-01-17},
  abstract = {Tundra and boreal ecosystems encompass the northern circumpolar permafrost region and are experiencing rapid environmental change with important implications for the global carbon (C) budget. We analysed multi-decadal time series containing 302 annual estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) flux across 70 permafrost and non-permafrost ecosystems, and 672 estimates of summer CO2 flux across 181 ecosystems. We find an increase in the annual CO2 sink across non-permafrost ecosystems but not permafrost ecosystems, despite similar increases in summer uptake. Thus, recent non-growing-season CO2 losses have substantially impacted the CO2 balance of permafrost ecosystems. Furthermore, analysis of interannual variability reveals warmer summers amplify the C cycle (increase productivity and respiration) at putatively nitrogen-limited sites and at sites less reliant on summer precipitation for water use. Our findings suggest that water and nutrient availability will be important predictors of the C-cycle response of these ecosystems to future warming.},
  copyright = {2024 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biogeochemistry,Climate-change ecology,Ecosystem ecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-024-02057-4}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/QDTRYQ3I/See et al. - 2024 - Decadal increases in carbon uptake offset by respiratory losses across northern permafrost ecosystem.pdf}
}

@article{shaverGlobalWarmingTerrestrial2000,
  title = {Global {{Warming}} and {{Terrestrial Ecosystems}}: {{A Conceptual Framework}} for {{Analysis}}: {{Ecosystem}} Responses to Global Warming Will Be Complex and Varied. {{Ecosystem}} Warming Experiments Hold Great Potential for Providing Insights on Ways Terrestrial Ecosystems Will Respond to Upcoming Decades of Climate Change. {{Documentation}} of Initial Conditions Provides the Context for Understanding and Predicting Ecosystem Responses.},
  author = {Shaver, Gaius R and Canadell, Josep and Chapin, F SIII and Gurevitch, Jessica and Harte, John and Henry, Greg and Ineson, Phil and Jonasson, Sven and Melillo, Jerry and Pitelka, Louis and others},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Bioscience},
  volume = {50},
  number = {10},
  pages = {871--882},
  publisher = {American Institute of Biological Sciences}
}

@article{silvaBiasesGreenhouseGases2015,
  title = {Biases in Greenhouse Gases Static Chambers Measurements in Stabilization Ponds: {{Comparison}} of Flux Estimation Using Linear and Non-Linear Models},
  shorttitle = {Biases in Greenhouse Gases Static Chambers Measurements in Stabilization Ponds},
  author = {Silva, Juan P. and Lasso, Ana and Lubberding, Henk J. and Pe{\~n}a, Miguel R. and Gijzen, Hubert J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = may,
  journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
  volume = {109},
  pages = {130--138},
  issn = {1352-2310},
  doi = {10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.068},
  urldate = {2024-05-13},
  abstract = {The closed static chamber technique is widely used to quantify greenhouse gases (GHG) i.e. CH4, CO2 and N2O from aquatic and wastewater treatment systems. However, chamber-measured fluxes over air--water interfaces appear to be subject to considerable uncertainty, depending on the chamber design, lack of air mixing in the chamber, concentration gradient changes during the deployment, and irregular eruptions of gas accumulated in the sediment. In this study, the closed static chamber technique was tested in an anaerobic pond operating under tropical conditions. The closed static chambers were found to be reliable to measure GHG, but an intrinsic limitation of using closed static chambers is that not all the data for gas concentrations measured within a chamber headspace can be used to estimate the flux due to gradient concentration curves with non-plausible and physical explanations. Based on the total data set, the percentage of curves accepted was 93.6, 87.2, and 73\% for CH4, CO2 and N2O, respectively. The statistical analyses demonstrated that only considering linear regression was inappropriate (i.e. approximately 40\% of the data for CH4, CO2 and N2O were best fitted to a non-linear regression) for the determination of GHG flux from stabilization ponds by the closed static chamber technique. In this work, it is clear that when R2adj-non-lin~{$>~$}R2adj-lin, the application of linear regression models is not recommended, as it leads to an underestimation of GHG fluxes by 10--50\%. This suggests that adopting only or mostly linear regression models will affect the GHG inventories obtained by using closed static chambers. According to our results, the misuse of the usual R2 parameter and only the linear regression model to estimate the fluxes will lead to reporting erroneous information on the real contribution of GHG emissions from wastewater. Therefore, the R2adj and non-linear regression model analysis should be used to reduce the biases in flux estimation by the inappropriate application of only linear regression models.},
  keywords = {Anaerobic ponds,Closed static chambers,Greenhouse gas emission,Stabilization ponds},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231015001934}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/68T8PPZW/Silva et al. - 2015 - Biases in greenhouse gases static chambers measure.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/5RWWIAP9/S1352231015001934.html}
}

@article{sistlaLongtermWarmingRestructures2013,
  title = {Long-Term Warming Restructures {{Arctic}} Tundra without Changing Net Soil Carbon Storage},
  author = {Sistla, Seeta A and Moore, John C and Simpson, Rodney T and Gough, Laura and Shaver, Gaius R and Schimel, Joshua P},
  year = {2013},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {497},
  number = {7451},
  pages = {615},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{sloatEffectForesummerDrought2015,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of the {{Foresummer Drought}} on {{Carbon Exchange}} in {{Subalpine Meadows}}},
  author = {Sloat, Lindsey L. and Henderson, Amanda N. and Lamanna, Christine and Enquist, Brian J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Ecosystems},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {533--545},
  issn = {1435-0629},
  doi = {10.1007/s10021-015-9845-1},
  urldate = {2023-07-05},
  abstract = {Climate in subalpine meadows of the Rocky Mountains can be characterized by an early (foresummer) drought that occurs after snowmelt (May) and lasts until the start of the summer monsoon season (July). Climate change models predict an increase in the length and severity of this dry period due to earlier snowmelt dates, rising air temperatures, and shifts in the start and/or intensity of the North American monsoon. However, it is unknown how changes in the severity of this early season dry period will affect ecosystem carbon exchange. To address the importance of early season drought, we combined a watering manipulation with 11~years of ecosystem carbon exchange data across an elevational gradient at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado. Long-term trends reveal that earlier snowmelt dates lead to a decrease in net ecosystem productivity (NEP), in part because of the positive effect on early growing season drought conditions. Manipulating the strength of the foresummer drought by watering revealed that the timing of growing season precipitation is more important than the total amount for determining cumulative NEP. The strength of the foresummer drought did not significantly impact ecosystem respiration rates, but plants that experienced a strong foresummer drought exhibited more water stress, and lower instantaneous rates of NEP, even during the rainy season. Our results highlight the central role of the foresummer drought in determining rates of carbon exchange throughout the growing season, and the potential for an increasingly negative balance of carbon in subalpine meadows under future climate change.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,elevation gradient,foresummer drought,NEP,sualpine,watering manipulation},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9845-1}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/2XULZKXN/Sloat et al. - 2015 - The Effect of the Foresummer Drought on Carbon Exc.pdf}
}

@article{sloatEffectForesummerDrought2015a,
  title = {The {{Effect}} of the {{Foresummer Drought}} on {{Carbon Exchange}} in {{Subalpine Meadows}}},
  author = {Sloat, Lindsey L. and Henderson, Amanda N. and Lamanna, Christine and Enquist, Brian J.},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Ecosystems},
  volume = {18},
  number = {3},
  pages = {533--545},
  issn = {1435-0629},
  doi = {10.1007/s10021-015-9845-1},
  urldate = {2024-07-22},
  abstract = {Climate in subalpine meadows of the Rocky Mountains can be characterized by an early (foresummer) drought that occurs after snowmelt (May) and lasts until the start of the summer monsoon season (July). Climate change models predict an increase in the length and severity of this dry period due to earlier snowmelt dates, rising air temperatures, and shifts in the start and/or intensity of the North American monsoon. However, it is unknown how changes in the severity of this early season dry period will affect ecosystem carbon exchange. To address the importance of early season drought, we combined a watering manipulation with 11~years of ecosystem carbon exchange data across an elevational gradient at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory in Gothic, Colorado. Long-term trends reveal that earlier snowmelt dates lead to a decrease in net ecosystem productivity (NEP), in part because of the positive effect on early growing season drought conditions. Manipulating the strength of the foresummer drought by watering revealed that the timing of growing season precipitation is more important than the total amount for determining cumulative NEP. The strength of the foresummer drought did not significantly impact ecosystem respiration rates, but plants that experienced a strong foresummer drought exhibited more water stress, and lower instantaneous rates of NEP, even during the rainy season. Our results highlight the central role of the foresummer drought in determining rates of carbon exchange throughout the growing season, and the potential for an increasingly negative balance of carbon in subalpine meadows under future climate change.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,elevation gradient,foresummer drought,NEP,sualpine,watering manipulation},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9845-1}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/7NZ9ED7C/Sloat et al. - 2015 - The Effect of the Foresummer Drought on Carbon Exc.pdf}
}

@misc{SnowMeltStimulates,
  title = {Snow Melt Stimulates Ecosystem Respiration in {{Arctic}} Ecosystems - {{Arndt}} - 2020 - {{Global Change Biology}} - {{Wiley Online Library}}},
  urldate = {2022-10-13},
  howpublished = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/gcb.15193}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/8SL778BE/gcb.html}
}

@article{sorensenDrainingPoolCarbon2018,
  title = {Draining the Pool? {{Carbon}} Storage and Fluxes in Three Alpine Plant Communities},
  author = {S{\o}rensen, Mia Vedel and Strimbeck, Richard and Nystuen, Kristin Odden and Kapas, Rozalia Erzsebet and Enquist, Brian J and Graae, Bente Jessen},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Ecosystems},
  volume = {21},
  number = {2},
  pages = {316--330},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{sorensenDriversCyclingThree2019,
  title = {Drivers of {{C}} Cycling in Three Arctic-Alpine Plant Communities},
  author = {S{\o}rensen, Mia Vedel and Graae, Bente Jessen and Classen, Aimee and Enquist, Brian J and Strimbeck, Richard},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research},
  volume = {51},
  number = {1},
  pages = {128--147},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{spakeUnderstandingItDepends,
  title = {Understanding `It Depends' in Ecology: A Guide to Hypothesising, Visualising and Interpreting Statistical Interactions},
  shorttitle = {Understanding `It Depends' in Ecology},
  author = {Spake, Rebecca and Bowler, Diana E. and Callaghan, Corey T. and Blowes, Shane A. and Doncaster, C. Patrick and Ant{\~a}o, Laura H. and Nakagawa, Shinichi and McElreath, Richard and Chase, Jonathan M.},
  journal = {Biological Reviews},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  issn = {1469-185X},
  doi = {10.1111/brv.12939},
  urldate = {2023-03-02},
  abstract = {Ecologists routinely use statistical models to detect and explain interactions among ecological drivers, with a goal to evaluate whether an effect of interest changes in sign or magnitude in different contexts. Two fundamental properties of interactions are often overlooked during the process of hypothesising, visualising and interpreting interactions between drivers: the measurement scale -- whether a response is analysed on an additive or multiplicative scale, such as a ratio or logarithmic scale; and the symmetry -- whether dependencies are considered in both directions. Overlooking these properties can lead to one or more of three inferential errors: misinterpretation of (i) the detection and magnitude (Type-D error), and (ii) the sign of effect modification (Type-S error); and (iii) misidentification of the underlying processes (Type-A error). We illustrate each of these errors with a broad range of ecological questions applied to empirical and simulated data sets. We demonstrate how meta-analysis, a widely used approach that seeks explicitly to characterise context dependence, is especially prone to all three errors. Based on these insights, we propose guidelines to improve hypothesis generation, testing, visualisation and interpretation of interactions in ecology.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {antagonistic,effect size,generalised linear models,Hedges' g,log response ratio,meta-regression,statistical interaction,synergistic,synthesis,transformation},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12939}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/WGDHFLBF/Spake et al. - Understanding ‘it depends’ in ecology a guide to .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/S86A4X8W/brv.html}
}

@article{speisserNumberSimultaneouslyActing2022,
  title = {Number of Simultaneously Acting Global Change Factors Affects Composition, Diversity and Productivity of Grassland Plant Communities},
  author = {Spei{\ss}er, Benedikt and Wilschut, Rutger A. and {van Kleunen}, Mark},
  year = {2022},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {7811},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2041-1723},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-35473-1},
  urldate = {2022-12-20},
  abstract = {Plant communities experience impacts of increasing numbers of global change factors (e.g., warming, eutrophication, pollution). Consequently, unpredictable global change effects could arise. However, information about multi-factor effects on plant communities is scarce. To test plant-community responses to multiple global change factors (GCFs), we subjected sown and transplanted-seedling communities to increasing numbers (0, 1, 2, 4, 6) of co-acting GCFs, and assessed effects of individual factors and increasing numbers of GCFs on community composition and productivity. GCF number reduced species diversity and evenness of both community types, whereas none of the individual factors alone affected these measures. In contrast, GCF number positively affected the productivity of the transplanted-seedling community. Our findings show that simultaneously acting GCFs can affect plant communities in ways differing from those expected from single factor effects, which may be due to biological effects, sampling effects, or both. Consequently, exploring the multifactorial nature of global change is crucial to better understand ecological impacts of global change.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Community ecology,Grassland ecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-35473-1}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/XIGA5F5H/Speißer et al. - 2022 - Number of simultaneously acting global change fact.pdf}
}

@article{steinbauerAcceleratedIncreasePlant2018,
  title = {Accelerated Increase in Plant Species Richness on Mountain Summits Is Linked to Warming},
  author = {Steinbauer, Manuel J. and Grytnes, John-Arvid and Jurasinski, Gerald and Kulonen, Aino and Lenoir, Jonathan and Pauli, Harald and Rixen, Christian and Winkler, Manuela and {Bardy-Durchhalter}, Manfred and Barni, Elena and Bjorkman, Anne D. and Breiner, Frank T. and Burg, Sarah and Czortek, Patryk and Dawes, Melissa A. and Delimat, Anna and Dullinger, Stefan and Erschbamer, Brigitta and Felde, Vivian A. and {Fern{\'a}ndez-Arberas}, Olatz and Fossheim, Kjetil F. and {G{\'o}mez-Garc{\'i}a}, Daniel and Georges, Damien and Grindrud, Erlend T. and Haider, Sylvia and Haugum, Siri V. and Henriksen, Hanne and Herreros, Mar{\'i}a J. and Jaroszewicz, Bogdan and Jaroszynska, Francesca and Kanka, Robert and Kapfer, Jutta and Klanderud, Kari and K{\"u}hn, Ingolf and Lamprecht, Andrea and Matteodo, Magali and {di Cella}, Umberto Morra and Normand, Signe and Odland, Arvid and Olsen, Siri L. and Palacio, Sara and Petey, Martina and Piscov{\'a}, Veronika and Sedlakova, Blazena and Steinbauer, Klaus and St{\"o}ckli, Veronika and Svenning, Jens-Christian and Teppa, Guido and Theurillat, Jean-Paul and Vittoz, Pascal and Woodin, Sarah J. and Zimmermann, Niklaus E. and Wipf, Sonja},
  year = {2018},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {556},
  number = {7700},
  pages = {231--234},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {1476-4687},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0005-6},
  urldate = {2023-01-18},
  abstract = {Globally accelerating trends in societal development and human environmental impacts since the mid-twentieth century1--7 are known as the Great Acceleration and have been discussed as a key indicator of the onset of the Anthropocene~epoch6. While reports on ecological responses (for example, changes in species range or local extinctions) to the Great Acceleration are multiplying8, 9, it is unknown whether such biotic responses are undergoing a similar acceleration over time. This knowledge gap stems from the limited availability of time series data on biodiversity changes across large temporal and geographical extents. Here we use a dataset of repeated plant surveys from 302 mountain summits across Europe, spanning 145 years of observation, to assess the temporal trajectory of mountain biodiversity changes as a globally coherent imprint of the Anthropocene. We find a continent-wide acceleration in the rate of increase in plant species richness, with five times as much species enrichment between 2007 and 2016 as fifty years ago, between 1957 and 1966. This acceleration is strikingly synchronized with accelerated global warming and is not linked to alternative global change drivers. The accelerating increases in species richness on mountain summits across this broad spatial extent demonstrate that acceleration in climate-induced biotic change is occurring even in remote places on Earth, with potentially far-ranging consequences not only for biodiversity, but also for ecosystem functioning and services.},
  copyright = {2018 Macmillan Publishers Ltd., part of Springer Nature},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biodiversity,Climate-change ecology,Climate-change impacts,Macroecology,Plant sciences},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0005-6}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/UGILXUL9/Steinbauer et al. - 2018 - Accelerated increase in plant species richness on .pdf}
}

@article{stohlCharacteristicsAtmosphericTransport2006,
  title = {Characteristics of Atmospheric Transport into the {{Arctic}} Troposphere},
  author = {Stohl, A.},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  volume = {111},
  number = {D11},
  issn = {2156-2202},
  doi = {10.1029/2005JD006888},
  urldate = {2022-10-20},
  abstract = {The Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART was used to construct a global data set of 1.4 million continuous trajectories. At the model start, particles were distributed homogeneously in the atmosphere and were then transported for 5.5 years using both resolved winds from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses and parameterized turbulent and convective transport. On the basis of this data set, a climatology of transport in and to the Arctic was developed. It was found that the time air resides continuously north of 70{$^\circ$}N, called its Arctic age, is highest near the surface in the North American sector of the Arctic. North of 80{$^\circ$}N and near the surface, the mean Arctic age of air is about 1 week in winter and 2 weeks in summer. It decreases rapidly with altitude to about 3 days in the upper troposphere. In the most isolated regions of the Arctic, air is exposed to continuous darkness for, on average, 10--14 days in December. Transport from the stratosphere to the lower troposphere is much slower in the Arctic than in the middle latitudes. In the central Arctic, for instance, the probability that air near the surface was transported from the stratosphere within 10 days is only about 1\% in winter and 0.3\% in summer. Air pollution can be transported into the Arctic along three different pathways: low-level transport followed by ascent in the Arctic, low-level transport alone, and uplift outside the Arctic, followed by descent in the Arctic. Only this last pathway is frequent for pollution originating from North America and Asia, whereas European pollution can follow all three pathways in winter, and pathways one and three in summer. Sensitivities of Arctic air masses to emissions of air pollutants, based on transport alone, were calculated for times of up to 30 days before the air masses reached the Arctic. They were highest over Siberia and Europe in winter and over the oceans in summer. Using an inventory for anthropogenic black carbon (BC) emissions, it was found that near the surface and for transport timescales of 5 and 10 days, BC source contributions from south Asia are only 1.6\% and 10\%, respectively, of the corresponding European values, despite much higher emissions in south Asia. Using an inventory for BC emissions from forest fires, BC source contributions to the Arctic, particularly from fires in Siberia, were larger than anthropogenic BC source contributions in summer in years of average burning.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Arctic air pollution,Arctic climate,Arctic haze,Arctic transport climatology,black carbon transport,boreal forest fires},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2005JD006888}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/USKQDPGS/Stohl - 2006 - Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/7HZQL85W/2005JD006888.html}
}

@article{strimbeckFunctionalGroupContributions2019,
  title = {Functional Group Contributions to Carbon Fluxes in Arctic-Alpine Ecosystems},
  author = {Strimbeck, G Richard and Graae, Bente Jessen and Lang, Simone and S{\o}rensen, Mia Vedel},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research},
  volume = {51},
  number = {1},
  pages = {58--68},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis}
}

@misc{strommeApplyingPromotingOpen2021,
  title = {Applying {{And Promoting Open Science In Ecology}} - {{Surveyed Drivers And Challenges}}},
  author = {Str{\o}mme, Christian B. and Lane, A. Kelly and Halbritter, Aud H. and Law, Elizabeth and Nater, Chloe R. and Nilsen, Erlend B. and Boutouli, Grace D. and Egelkraut, Dagmar D. and Telford, Richard J. and Vandvik, Vigdis and Cotner, Sehoya H.},
  year = {2021},
  month = oct,
  primaryclass = {New Results},
  pages = {2021.10.12.464125},
  publisher = {bioRxiv},
  doi = {10.1101/2021.10.12.464125},
  urldate = {2024-06-26},
  abstract = {Open Science (OS) comprises a variety of practices and principles that are broadly intended to improve the quality and transparency of research, and the concept is gaining traction. Since OS has multiple facets and still lacks a unifying definition, it may be interpreted quite differently among practitioners. Moreover, successfully implementing OS broadly throughout science requires a better understanding of the conditions that facilitate or hinder OS engagement, and in particular, how practitioners learn OS in the first place. We addressed these issues by surveying OS practitioners that attended a workshop hosted by the Living Norway Ecological Data Network in 2020. The survey contained scaled-response and open-ended questions, allowing for a mixed-methods approach. Out of 128 registered participants we obtained survey responses from 60 individuals. Responses indicated usage and sharing of data and code, as well as open access publications, as the OS aspects most frequently engaged with. Men and those affiliated with academic institutions reported more frequent engagement with OS than women and those with other affiliations. When it came to learning OS practices, only a minority of respondents reported having encountered OS in their own formal education. Consistent with this, a majority of respondents viewed OS as less important in their teaching than in their research and supervision. Even so, many of the respondents' suggestions for what would help or hinder individual OS engagement included more knowledge, guidelines, resource availability and social and structural support; indicating that formal instruction can facilitate individual OS engagement. We suggest that the time is ripe to incorporate OS in teaching and learning, as this can yield substantial benefits to OS practitioners, student learning, and ultimately, the objectives advanced by the OS movement.},
  archiveprefix = {bioRxiv},
  chapter = {New Results},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2021, Posted by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This pre-print is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution 4.0 International), CC BY 4.0, as described at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.12.464125v1}},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/PIQ7TUVJ/Strømme et al. - 2021 - Applying And Promoting Open Science In Ecology - S.pdf}
}

@article{sturmWaterLifeSnow2017,
  title = {Water and Life from Snow: {{A}} Trillion Dollar Science Question},
  author = {Sturm, Matthew and Goldstein, Michael A and Parr, Charles},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Water Resources Research},
  volume = {53},
  number = {5},
  pages = {3534--3544},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{sullivanLabileCarbonLimits2020,
  title = {Labile Carbon Limits Late Winter Microbial Activity near {{Arctic}} Treeline},
  author = {Sullivan, Patrick F and Stokes, Madeline C and McMillan, Cameron K and Weintraub, Michael N},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {bioRxiv},
  publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}
}

@misc{swissinfo.chClimateActivistGeneva2020,
  title = {Climate Activist in {{Geneva}} Acquitted in Vandalisation Trial},
  author = {{Swissinfo.ch}},
  year = {2020},
  month = oct,
  urldate = {2021-02-22},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/climate-activist-in-geneva-acquitted-in-vandalisation-trial/46095856}}
}

@misc{swissinfo.chClimateActivistsCredit2020,
  title = {Climate Activists behind {{Credit Suisse}} Tennis Stunt Acquitted},
  author = {{Swissinfo.ch}},
  year = {2020},
  month = jan,
  urldate = {2021-02-22},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/trial_climate-activists-behind-credit-suisse-tennis-stunt-acquitted/45490210}}
}

@article{targetsRpackage2021,
  title = {The Targets {{R}} Package: A Dynamic {{Make-like}} Function-Oriented Pipeline Toolkit for Reproducibility and High-Performance Computing},
  author = {Landau, William Michael},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {6},
  number = {57},
  pages = {2959},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02959}}
}

@misc{tedxtalksMaxHolmesTEDxWoodsHole2011,
  title = {R. {{Max Holmes}} - {{TEDxWoodsHole}} - {{An Arctic Solution}} to {{Climate Warming}}},
  author = {{TEDx Talks}},
  year = {2011},
  month = nov,
  urldate = {2022-10-14},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBrFudwiVp0}}
}

@misc{TelenorID,
  title = {Telenor {{ID}}},
  urldate = {2023-08-07},
  howpublished = {\url{https://signin.telenorid.com/v2/signin}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/35RMWE9D/signin.html}
}

@article{thalassoTechnicalNoteSkirt2023,
  title = {Technical Note: {{Skirt}} Chamber -- an Open Dynamic Method for the Rapid and Minimally Intrusive Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Peatlands},
  shorttitle = {Technical Note},
  author = {Thalasso, Frederic and Riquelme, Brenda and G{\'o}mez, Andr{\'e}s and Mackenzie, Roy and Aguirre, Francisco Javier and {Hoyos-Santillan}, Jorge and Rozzi, Ricardo and {Sepulveda-Jauregui}, Armando},
  year = {2023},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Biogeosciences},
  volume = {20},
  number = {18},
  pages = {3737--3749},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {1726-4170},
  doi = {10.5194/bg-20-3737-2023},
  urldate = {2024-05-07},
  abstract = {We present a reliable and robust open dynamic chamber for measuring greenhouse gas exchange in peatlands with minimal disturbance of the ground. This chamber, called the ``skirt chamber'', is based on a transparent plastic film placed above an open frame made of sparse interwoven wires and expanded around the base of the chamber below a steel chain that ensures contact to the ground, avoiding damage, trenching, and cutting vegetation. Gas exchange is determined using a portable gas analyzer from a mass balance in which the imperfect sealing of the chamber to the ground is quantified through the injection of a methane pulse. The method was tested on a pristine peatland dominated by Sphagnum magellanicum located on Navarino Island in the subantarctic Magellanic ecoregion in Chile. Our results indicate that the skirt chamber allowed the determination of methane fluxes and ecosystem respiration in about 20 min, with a limit of detection of 0.185 mg CH4 m-2 h-1 and 173 mg CO2 m-2 h-1, respectively. We conclude that the skirt chamber is a minimally intrusive, fast, portable, and inexpensive method that allows the quantification of greenhouse gas emissions with high spatial resolution in remote locations and without delay.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/20/3737/2023/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/ECKIT443/Thalasso et al. - 2023 - Technical note Skirt chamber – an open dynamic me.pdf}
}

@misc{theonionNewClimateChange2015,
  title = {New {{Climate Change Study Just}} 400 {{Pages Of Scientists Telling Americans To Read Previous Climate Change Studies}}},
  author = {{The Onion}},
  year = {2015},
  month = jan,
  urldate = {2021-02-22},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.theonion.com/new-climate-change-study-just-400-pages-of-scientists-t-1819577333}}
}

@misc{theonionSighingResignedClimate2018,
  title = {Sighing, {{Resigned Climate Scientists Say To Just Enjoy Next}} 20 {{Years As Much As You Can}}},
  author = {{The Onion}},
  year = {2018},
  month = feb,
  urldate = {2021-02-22},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.theonion.com/sighing-resigned-climate-scientists-say-to-just-enjoy-1823265249}}
}

@article{thomasExtinctionRiskClimate2004,
  title = {Extinction Risk from Climate Change},
  author = {Thomas, Chris D and Cameron, Alison and Green, Rhys E and Bakkenes, Michel and Beaumont, Linda J and Collingham, Yvonne C and Erasmus, Barend FN and De Siqueira, Marinez Ferreira and Grainger, Alan and Hannah, Lee and others},
  year = {2004},
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {427},
  number = {6970},
  pages = {145--148},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{thomasLitterQualityOutweighs2023,
  title = {Litter Quality Outweighs Climate as a Driver of Decomposition across the Tundra Biome},
  author = {Thomas, Haydn J. D. and {Myers-Smith}, Isla H. and H{\o}ye, Toke T. and Bon, Matteo Petit and Lembrechts, Jonas and Walker, Eleanor R. and Bj{\"o}rnsd{\'o}ttir, Katrin and Barrio, Isabel C. and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, Ingibj{\"o}rg Svala and Venn, Susanna E. and Alatalo, Juha Mikael and Baltzer, Jennifer and Wallace, Cory and Ackerman, Daniel and Gough, Laura and Prev{\'e}y, Janet S. and Rixen, Christian and Carbognani, Michele and Petraglia, Alessandro and Christiansen, Casper T. and Inouye, David W. and Ogilvie, Jane E. and Trouillier, Mario and Wilmking, Martin and Treharne, Rachel and {Angers-Blondin}, Sandra and Urbanowicz, Christine and von Oppen, Jonathan and Wipf, Sonja and Smith, Paul A. and Suzuki, Satoshi N. and Suzuki, Ryo O. and Virkkala, Anna-Maria and Luoto, Miska and Serikova, Svetlana and Bjorkman, Anne D. and Blok, Daan and Gallois, Elise C. and Sarneel, Judith M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = mar,
  publisher = {EcoEvoRxiv},
  urldate = {2023-08-14},
  abstract = {Considerable uncertainty exists regarding the strength, direction and relative importance of the drivers of decomposition in the tundra biome, partly due to a lack of coordinated decomposition field studies in this remote environment. Here, we analysed 3717 incubations of two uniform litter types, green and rooibos tea, buried at 330 circum-Arctic and alpine sites to quantify the effects of temperature, moisture and litter quality on decomposition. We found a surprisingly linear positive relationship between decomposition and soil temperature across all sites, counter to theory and previous model estimates. Litter mass loss was greater at wetter sites, even where soils reached almost full water saturation. However, litter quality was the strongest driver of litter mass loss across the tundra biome, explaining six times more variation in summer decomposition than soil temperature. Our results indicate that climate warming will directly increase decomposition across tundra environments. However, the indirect effects of climate change on vegetation communities, and thus plant litter inputs and quality, could have a more profound impact than direct effects on the balance of this globally important carbon store.},
  copyright = {CC-By Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://ecoevorxiv.org/repository/view/5216/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/3IMQ3JWF/Thomas et al. - 2023 - Litter quality outweighs climate as a driver of de.pdf}
}

@book{thoreauCivilDisobedience1849,
  title = {Civil Disobedience},
  author = {Thoreau, Henry David},
  year = {1849}
}

@book{thornePosterdownPackageBuilt2019,
  title = {Posterdown: {{An R Package Built}} to {{Generate Reproducible Conference Posters}} for the {{Academic}} and {{Professional World Were Powerpoint}} and {{Pages Just Wont Cut It}}},
  author = {Thorne, W. Brent},
  year = {2019},
  note = {\url{https://github.com/brentthorne/posterdown}}
}

@article{tidyverse2019,
  title = {Welcome to the {{tidyverse}}},
  author = {Wickham, Hadley and Averick, Mara and Bryan, Jennifer and Chang, Winston and McGowan, Lucy D'Agostino and Fran{\c c}ois, Romain and Grolemund, Garrett and Hayes, Alex and Henry, Lionel and Hester, Jim and Kuhn, Max and Pedersen, Thomas Lin and Miller, Evan and Bache, Stephan Milton and M{\"u}ller, Kirill and Ooms, Jeroen and Robinson, David and Seidel, Dana Paige and Spinu, Vitalie and Takahashi, Kohske and Vaughan, Davis and Wilke, Claus and Woo, Kara and Yutani, Hiroaki},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {4},
  number = {43},
  pages = {1686},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.01686}
}

@misc{times_peru,
  title = {International Scientists Need Better Support during Global Emergencies},
  author = {Cotner, Sehoya and Enquist, Brian J. and Chacon, Julia and Maitner, Brian and {Farfan-Rios}, William and Michaletz, Sean and Garen, Josef and Gauthier, Tasha-Leigh J. and Vandvik, Vigdis and Gya, Ragnhild and Halbritter, Aud and Gaudard, Joseph and Ho{\v s}kov{\'a}, Krist{\'y}na and Pierfederici, Maria Elisa and {Quinteros-Casaverde}, Natalia L and Diaz, Eugenia Sanchez and Jessup, Laura and Strydom, Tanya and Oppen, Jonathan Von},
  year = {2020},
  copyright = {All rights reserved},
  howpublished = {Times Higher Education}
}

@article{topperDevilDetailNonadditive2018,
  title = {The Devil Is in the Detail: {{Nonadditive}} and Context-Dependent Plant Population Responses to Increasing Temperature and Precipitation},
  shorttitle = {The Devil Is in the Detail},
  author = {T{\"o}pper, Joachim P. and Meineri, Eric and Olsen, Siri L. and Rydgren, Knut and Skarpaas, Olav and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {24},
  number = {10},
  pages = {4657--4666},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.14336},
  urldate = {2023-01-09},
  abstract = {In climate change ecology, simplistic research approaches may yield unrealistically simplistic answers to often more complicated problems. In particular, the complexity of vegetation responses to global climate change begs a better understanding of the impacts of concomitant changes in several climatic drivers, how these impacts vary across different climatic contexts, and of the demographic processes underlying population changes. Using a replicated, factorial, whole-community transplant experiment, we investigated regional variation in demographic responses of plant populations to increased temperature and/or precipitation. Across four perennial forb species and 12 sites, we found strong responses to both temperature and precipitation change. Changes in population growth rates were mainly due to changes in survival and clonality. In three of the four study species, the combined increase in temperature and precipitation reflected nonadditive, antagonistic interactions of the single climatic changes for population growth rate and survival, while the interactions were additive and synergistic for clonality. This disparity affects the persistence of genotypes, but also suggests that the mechanisms behind the responses of the vital rates differ. In addition, survival effects varied systematically with climatic context, with wetter and warmer + wetter transplants showing less positive or more negative responses at warmer sites. The detailed demographic approach yields important mechanistic insights into how concomitant changes in temperature and precipitation affect plants, which makes our results generalizable beyond the four study species. Our comprehensive study design illustrates the power of replicated field experiments in disentangling the complex relationships and patterns that govern climate change impacts across real-world species and landscapes.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,integral projection models,plant demography,transplant experiment,Veronica alpina,Veronica officinalis,Viola biflora,Viola palustris},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.14336}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/5MMFEI2D/Töpper et al. - 2018 - The devil is in the detail Nonadditive and contex.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/AZAFU3VG/gcb.html}
}

@article{tunvedArcticAerosolLife2013,
  title = {Arctic Aerosol Life Cycle: Linking Aerosol Size Distributions Observed between 2000 and 2010 with Air Mass Transport and Precipitation at {{Zeppelin}} Station, {{Ny-{\AA}lesund}}, {{Svalbard}}},
  shorttitle = {Arctic Aerosol Life Cycle},
  author = {Tunved, P. and Str{\"o}m, J. and Krejci, R.},
  year = {2013},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics},
  volume = {13},
  number = {7},
  pages = {3643--3660},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {1680-7316},
  doi = {10.5194/acp-13-3643-2013},
  urldate = {2022-10-20},
  abstract = {{$<$}p{$><$}strong class="journal-contentHeaderColor"{$>$}Abstract.{$<$}/strong{$>$} In this study we present a qualitative and quantitative assessment of more than 10 yr of aerosol number size distribution data observed in the Arctic environment (Mt. Zeppelin (78{$^\circ$}56' N, 11{$^\circ$}53' E, 474 m a.s.l.), Ny {\AA}lesund, Svalbard). We provide statistics on both seasonal and diurnal characteristics of the aerosol observations and conclude that the Arctic aerosol number size distribution and related parameters such as integral mass and surface area exhibit a very pronounced seasonal variation. This seasonal variation seems to be controlled by both dominating source as well as meteorological conditions. Three distinctly different periods can be identified during the Arctic year: the haze period characterized by a dominating accumulation mode aerosol (March--May), followed by the sunlit summer period with low abundance of accumulation mode particles but high concentration of small particles which are likely to be recently and locally formed (June--August). The rest of the year is characterized by a comparably low concentration of accumulation mode particles and negligible abundance of ultrafine particles (September--February). A minimum in aerosol mass and number concentration is usually observed during September/October. {$<$}br{$><$}br{$>$} We further show that the transition between the different regimes is fast, suggesting rapid change in the conditions defining their appearance. A source climatology based on trajectory analysis is provided, and it is shown that there is a strong seasonality of dominating source areas, with Eurasia dominating during the Autumn--Winter period and dominance of North Atlantic air during the summer months. We also show that new-particle formation events are rather common phenomena in the Arctic during summer, and this is the result of photochemical production of nucleating/condensing species in combination with low condensation sink. It is also suggested that wet removal may play a key role in defining the Arctic aerosol year, via the removal of accumulation mode size particles, which in turn have a pivotal role in facilitating the conditions favorable for new-particle formation events. In summary the aerosol Arctic year seems to be at least qualitatively predictable based on the knowledge of seasonality of transport paths and associated source areas, meteorological conditions and removal processes.{$<$}/p{$>$}},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/13/3643/2013/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/W34C8ZQU/Tunved et al. - 2013 - Arctic aerosol life cycle linking aerosol size di.pdf}
}

@article{urbanAcceleratingExtinctionRisk2015,
  title = {Accelerating Extinction Risk from Climate Change},
  author = {Urban, Mark C},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {348},
  number = {6234},
  pages = {571--573},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}
}

@book{vaillantGoldenSpruceTrue2007,
  title = {The Golden Spruce: {{A}} True Story of Myth, Madness and Greed},
  author = {Vaillant, John},
  year = {2007},
  publisher = {Random House}
}

@article{vandersluijsUncertaintyDissentClimate2012,
  title = {Uncertainty and Dissent in Climate Risk Assessment: {{A}} Post-Normal Perspective},
  author = {{Van der Sluijs}, Jeroen P},
  year = {2012},
  journal = {Nature and culture},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {174--195},
  publisher = {Berghahn Journals}
}

@article{vandvikBioticRescalingReveals2020,
  title = {Biotic Rescaling Reveals Importance of Species Interactions for Variation in Biodiversity Responses to Climate Change},
  author = {Vandvik, Vigdis and Skarpaas, Olav and Klanderud, Kari and Telford, Richard J. and Halbritter, Aud H. and Goldberg, Deborah E.},
  year = {2020},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {117},
  number = {37},
  pages = {22858--22865},
  publisher = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  doi = {10.1073/pnas.2003377117},
  urldate = {2023-01-26},
  abstract = {Generality in understanding biodiversity responses to climate change has been hampered by substantial variation in the rates and even directions of response to a given change in climate. We propose that such context dependencies can be clarified by rescaling climate gradients in terms of the underlying biological processes, with biotic interactions as a particularly important process. We tested this rescaling approach in a replicated field experiment where entire montane grassland communities were transplanted in the direction of expected temperature and/or precipitation change. In line with earlier work, we found considerable variation across sites in community dynamics in response to climate change. However, these complex context dependencies could be substantially reduced or eliminated by rescaling climate drivers in terms of proxies of plant-plant interactions. Specifically, bryophytes limited colonization by new species into local communities, whereas the cover of those colonists, along with bryophytes, were the primary drivers of local extinctions. These specific interactions are relatively understudied, suggesting important directions for future work in similar systems. More generally, the success of our approach in explaining and simplifying landscape-level variation in climate change responses suggests that developing and testing proxies for relevant underlying processes could be a fruitful direction for building more general models of biodiversity response to climate change.},
  note = {\url{https://www.pnas.org/doi/abs/10.1073/pnas.2003377117}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/AP8MUUYV/Vandvik et al. - 2020 - Biotic rescaling reveals importance of species int.pdf}
}

@article{vandvikRolePlantFunctional2022,
  title = {The Role of Plant Functional Groups Mediating Climate Impacts on Carbon and Biodiversity of Alpine Grasslands},
  author = {Vandvik, Vigdis and Althuizen, Inge H. J. and Jaroszynska, Francesca and Kr{\"u}ger, Linn C. and Lee, Hanna and Goldberg, Deborah E. and Klanderud, Kari and Olsen, Siri L. and Telford, Richard J. and {\"O}stman, Silje A. H. and Busca, Sara and Dahle, Ingrid J. and Egelkraut, Dagmar D. and Geange, Sonya R. and Gya, Ragnhild and Lynn, Josh S. and Meineri, Eric and Young, Sherry and Halbritter, Aud H.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {451},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01559-0},
  urldate = {2023-02-01},
  abstract = {Plant removal experiments allow assessment of the role of biotic interactions among species or functional groups in community assembly and ecosystem functioning. When replicated along climate gradients, they can assess changes in interactions among species or functional groups with climate. Across twelve sites in the Vestland Climate Grid (VCG) spanning 4\,{$^\circ$}C in growing season temperature and 2000 mm in mean annual precipitation across boreal and alpine regions of Western Norway, we conducted a fully factorial plant functional group removal experiment (graminoids, forbs, bryophytes). Over six years, we recorded biomass removed, soil microclimate, plant community composition and structure, seedling recruitment, ecosystem carbon fluxes, and reflectance in 384 experimental and control plots. The dataset consists of 5,412 biomass records, 360 species-level biomass records, 1,084,970 soil temperature records, 4,771 soil moisture records, 17,181 plant records covering 206 taxa, 16,656 seedling records, 3,696 ecosystem carbon flux measurements, and 1,244 reflectance measurements. The data can be combined with longer-term climate data and plant population, community, ecosystem, and functional trait data collected within the VCG.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biogeochemistry,Climate-change ecology,Community ecology,Grassland ecology,Plant ecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01559-0}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/JXWSSQBB/Vandvik et al. - 2022 - The role of plant functional groups mediating clim.pdf}
}

@article{vandvikRolePlantFunctional2022a,
  title = {The Role of Plant Functional Groups Mediating Climate Impacts on Carbon and Biodiversity of Alpine Grasslands},
  author = {Vandvik, Vigdis and Althuizen, Inge H. J. and Jaroszynska, Francesca and Kr{\"u}ger, Linn C. and Lee, Hanna and Goldberg, Deborah E. and Klanderud, Kari and Olsen, Siri L. and Telford, Richard J. and {\"O}stman, Silje A. H. and Busca, Sara and Dahle, Ingrid J. and Egelkraut, Dagmar D. and Geange, Sonya R. and Gya, Ragnhild and Lynn, Josh S. and Meineri, Eric and Young, Sherry and Halbritter, Aud H.},
  year = {2022},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {451},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/s41597-022-01559-0},
  urldate = {2024-01-25},
  abstract = {Plant removal experiments allow assessment of the role of biotic interactions among species or functional groups in community assembly and ecosystem functioning. When replicated along climate gradients, they can assess changes in interactions among species or functional groups with climate. Across twelve sites in the Vestland Climate Grid (VCG) spanning 4\,{$^\circ$}C in growing season temperature and 2000 mm in mean annual precipitation across boreal and alpine regions of Western Norway, we conducted a fully factorial plant functional group removal experiment (graminoids, forbs, bryophytes). Over six years, we recorded biomass removed, soil microclimate, plant community composition and structure, seedling recruitment, ecosystem carbon fluxes, and reflectance in 384 experimental and control plots. The dataset consists of 5,412 biomass records, 360 species-level biomass records, 1,084,970 soil temperature records, 4,771 soil moisture records, 17,181 plant records covering 206 taxa, 16,656 seedling records, 3,696 ecosystem carbon flux measurements, and 1,244 reflectance measurements. The data can be combined with longer-term climate data and plant population, community, ecosystem, and functional trait data collected within the VCG.},
  copyright = {2022 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biogeochemistry,Climate-change ecology,Community ecology,Grassland ecology,Plant ecology},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-022-01559-0}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/EFWLJGM7/Vandvik et al. - 2022 - The role of plant functional groups mediating clim.pdf}
}

@article{vanhalaTransplantationOrganicSurface2011,
  title = {Transplantation of Organic Surface Horizons of Boreal Soils into Warmer Regions Alters Microbiology but Not the Temperature Sensitivity of Decomposition},
  author = {Vanhala, Pekka and Karhu, Kristiina and Tuomi, Mikko and Bj{\"o}rkl{\"o}f, Katarina and Fritze, Hannu and Hyv{\"a}rinen, Hasse and Liski, Jari},
  year = {2011},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  pages = {538--550},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{vansundertWhenThingsGet,
  title = {When Things Get {{MESI}}: {{The Manipulation Experiments Synthesis Initiative}}---{{A}} Coordinated Effort to Synthesize Terrestrial Global Change Experiments},
  shorttitle = {When Things Get {{MESI}}},
  author = {Van Sundert, Kevin and Leuzinger, Sebastian and Bader, Martin K.-F. and Chang, Scott X. and De Kauwe, Martin G. and Dukes, Jeffrey S. and Langley, J. Adam and Ma, Zilong and Mari{\"e}n, Bertold and Reynaert, Simon and Ru, Jingyi and Song, Jian and Stocker, Benjamin and Terrer, C{\'e}sar and Thoresen, Joshua and Vanuytrecht, Eline and Wan, Shiqiang and Yue, Kai and Vicca, Sara},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.16585},
  urldate = {2023-01-30},
  abstract = {Responses of the terrestrial biosphere to rapidly changing environmental conditions are a major source of uncertainty in climate projections. In an effort to reduce this uncertainty, a wide range of global change experiments have been conducted that mimic future conditions in terrestrial ecosystems, manipulating CO2, temperature, and nutrient and water availability. Syntheses of results across experiments provide a more general sense of ecosystem responses to global change, and help to discern the influence of background conditions such as climate and vegetation type in determining global change responses. Several independent syntheses of published data have yielded distinct databases for specific objectives. Such parallel, uncoordinated initiatives carry the risk of producing redundant data collection efforts and have led to contrasting outcomes without clarifying the underlying reason for divergence. These problems could be avoided by creating a publicly available, updatable, curated database. Here, we report on a global effort to collect and curate 57,089 treatment responses across 3644 manipulation experiments at 1145 sites, simulating elevated CO2, warming, nutrient addition, and precipitation changes. In the resulting Manipulation Experiments Synthesis Initiative (MESI) database, effects of experimental global change drivers on carbon and nutrient cycles are included, as well as ancillary data such as background climate, vegetation type, treatment magnitude, duration, and, unique to our database, measured soil properties. Our analysis of the database indicates that most experiments are short term (one or few growing seasons), conducted in the USA, Europe, or China, and that the most abundantly reported variable is aboveground biomass. We provide the most comprehensive multifactor global change database to date, enabling the research community to tackle open research questions, vital to global policymaking. The MESI database, freely accessible at doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7153253, opens new avenues for model evaluation and synthesis-based understanding of how global change affects terrestrial biomes. We welcome contributions to the database on GitHub.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,CO2,drought,manipulation experiment,meta-analysis,nitrogen,precipitation,warming},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.16585}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/B4TPXTR4/Van Sundert et al. - When things get MESI The Manipulation Experiments.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/EQSXCWIQ/gcb.html}
}

@article{vansundertWhenThingsGeta,
  title = {When Things Get {{MESI}}: The {{Manipulation Experiments Synthesis Initiative}} -- a Coordinated Effort to Synthesize Terrestrial Global Change Experiments},
  shorttitle = {When Things Get {{MESI}}},
  author = {Van Sundert, Kevin and Leuzinger, Sebastian and Bader, Martin K.-F. and Chang, Scott X. and De Kauwe, Martin G. and Dukes, Jeffrey S. and Langley, J. Adam and Ma, Zilong and Mari{\"e}n, Bertold and Reynaert, Simon and Ru, Jingyi and Song, Jian and Stocker, Benjamin and Terrer, C{\'e}sar and Thoresen, Joshua and Vanuytrecht, Eline and Wan, Shiqiang and Yue, Kai and Vicca, Sara},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.16585},
  urldate = {2023-01-16},
  abstract = {Responses of the terrestrial biosphere to rapidly changing environmental conditions are a major source of uncertainty in climate projections. In an effort to reduce this uncertainty, a wide range of global change experiments have been conducted that mimic future conditions in terrestrial ecosystems, manipulating CO2, temperature, nutrient and water availability. Syntheses of results across experiments provide a more general sense of ecosystem responses to global change, and help to discern the influence of background conditions such as climate and vegetation type in determining global change responses. Several independent syntheses of published data have yielded distinct databases for specific objectives. Such parallel, uncoordinated initiatives carry the risk of producing redundant data collection efforts and have led to contrasting outcomes without clarifying the underlying reason for divergence. These problems could be avoided by creating a publicly available, updatable, curated database. Here, we report on a global effort to collect and curate 57,089 treatment responses across 3,644 manipulation experiments at 1,145 sites, simulating elevated CO2, warming, nutrient addition and precipitation changes. In the resulting Manipulation Experiments Synthesis Initiative (MESI) database, effects of experimental global change drivers on carbon and nutrient cycles are included, as well as ancillary data such as background climate, vegetation type, treatment magnitude, duration, and, unique to our database, measured soil properties. Our analysis of the database indicates that most experiments are short-term (one or few growing seasons), conducted in the USA, Europe or China, and that the most abundantly reported variable is aboveground biomass. We provide the most comprehensive multifactor global change database to date, enabling the research community to tackle open research questions, vital to global policymaking. The MESI database, freely accessible at doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7153253, opens new avenues for model evaluation and synthesis-based understanding of how global change affects terrestrial biomes. We welcome contributions to the database on GitHub.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate change,CO2,drought,manipulation experiment,meta-analysis,nitrogen,precipitation,warming},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.16585}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/MARS6BK5/Van Sundert et al. - When things get MESI the Manipulation Experiments.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/FMES5PKT/gcb.html}
}

@article{vennSnowmeltTimingAffects2021,
  title = {Snowmelt Timing Affects Short-Term Decomposition Rates in an Alpine Snowbed},
  author = {Venn, Susanna E and Thomas, Haydn JD},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Ecosphere},
  volume = {12},
  number = {3},
  pages = {e03393},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{vicente-saezOpenScienceNow2018,
  title = {Open {{Science}} Now: {{A}} Systematic Literature Review for an Integrated Definition},
  shorttitle = {Open {{Science}} Now},
  author = {{Vicente-Saez}, Ruben and {Martinez-Fuentes}, Clara},
  year = {2018},
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of Business Research},
  volume = {88},
  pages = {428--436},
  issn = {0148-2963},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.043},
  urldate = {2024-06-26},
  abstract = {Open Science is a disruptive phenomenon that is emerging around the world and especially in Europe. Open Science brings about socio-cultural and technological change, based on openness and connectivity, on how research is designed, performed, captured, and assessed. Several studies show that there is a lack of awareness about what Open Science is, mainly due to the fact that there is no formal definition of Open Science. The purpose of this paper is to build a rigorous, integrated, and up-to-date definition of the Open Science phenomenon through a systematic literature review. The resulting definition ``Open Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks'' helps the scientific community, the business world, political actors, and citizens to have a common and clear understanding about what Open Science is, and stimulates an open debate about the social, economic, and human added value of this phenomenon.},
  keywords = {Definition,Open access,Open innovation,Open science,Research and innovation management,Responsible research and innovation},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0148296317305441}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/6LI4RHEA/Vicente-Saez and Martinez-Fuentes - 2018 - Open Science now A systematic literature review f.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/4MDWNS4A/S0148296317305441.html}
}

@article{viscontiProjectingGlobalBiodiversity2016,
  title = {Projecting Global Biodiversity Indicators under Future Development Scenarios},
  author = {Visconti, Piero and Bakkenes, Michel and Baisero, Daniele and Brooks, Thomas and Butchart, Stuart HM and Joppa, Lucas and Alkemade, Rob and Di Marco, Moreno and Santini, Luca and Hoffmann, Michael and others},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Conservation Letters},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {5--13},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{vowlesImplicationsEvergreenShrub2019,
  title = {Implications of Evergreen Shrub Expansion in the {{Arctic}}},
  author = {Vowles, Tage and Bj{\"o}rk, Robert G},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Ecology},
  volume = {107},
  number = {2},
  pages = {650--655},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{walkerPlantCommunityResponses2006,
  title = {Plant Community Responses to Experimental Warming across the Tundra Biome},
  author = {Walker, Marilyn D and Wahren, C Henrik and Hollister, Robert D and Henry, Greg HR and Ahlquist, Lorraine E and Alatalo, Juha M and {Bret-Harte}, M Syndonia and Calef, Monika P and Callaghan, Terry V and Carroll, Amy B and others},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {103},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1342--1346},
  publisher = {National Acad Sciences}
}

@article{wangLongtermElevatedPrecipitation2023,
  title = {Long-Term Elevated Precipitation Induces Grassland Soil Carbon Loss via Microbe-Plant--Soil Interplay},
  author = {Wang, Mengmeng and Sun, Xin and Cao, Baichuan and Chiariello, Nona R. and Docherty, Kathryn M. and Field, Christopher B. and Gao, Qun and Gutknecht, Jessica L. M. and Guo, Xue and He, Genhe and Hungate, Bruce A. and Lei, Jiesi and Niboyet, Audrey and Le Roux, Xavier and Shi, Zhou and Shu, Wensheng and Yuan, Mengting and Zhou, Jizhong and Yang, Yunfeng},
  year = {2023},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {29},
  number = {18},
  pages = {5429--5444},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.16811},
  urldate = {2023-08-15},
  abstract = {Global climate models predict that the frequency and intensity of precipitation events will increase in many regions across the world. However, the biosphere-climate feedback to elevated precipitation (eP) remains elusive. Here, we report a study on one of the longest field experiments assessing the effects of eP, alone or in combination with other climate change drivers such as elevated CO2 (eCO2), warming and nitrogen deposition. Soil total carbon (C) decreased after a decade of eP treatment, while plant root production decreased after 2 years. To explain this asynchrony, we found that the relative abundances of fungal genes associated with chitin and protein degradation increased and were positively correlated with bacteriophage genes, suggesting a potential viral shunt in C degradation. In addition, eP increased the relative abundances of microbial stress tolerance genes, which are essential for coping with environmental stressors. Microbial responses to eP were phylogenetically conserved. The effects of eP on soil total C, root production, and microbes were interactively affected by eCO2. Collectively, we demonstrate that long-term eP induces soil C loss, owing to changes in microbial community composition, functional traits, root production, and soil moisture. Our study unveils an important, previously unknown biosphere-climate feedback in Mediterranean-type water-limited ecosystems, namely how eP induces soil C loss via microbe-plant--soil interplay.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2023 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {elevated precipitation,microbial functional trait,resource acquisition,soil carbon loss,viral shunt,water-limited ecosystems},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.16811}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/722HS355/Wang et al. - 2023 - Long-term elevated precipitation induces grassland.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/WDAAULML/gcb.html}
}

@article{wangModellingLandNutrient2021,
  title = {Modelling of Land Nutrient Cycles: Recent Progress and Future Development},
  shorttitle = {Modelling of Land Nutrient Cycles},
  author = {Wang, Ying-Ping and Goll, Daniel S},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Faculty Reviews},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {53},
  issn = {2732-432X},
  doi = {10.12703/r/10-53},
  urldate = {2022-10-20},
  abstract = {While widespread imitation of the productivity of the land biosphere by nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus, was demonstrated many decades ago, representation of nutrient cycles in global land models has been relatively recent. Over the last three years, significant progress has been made in understanding some of the key processes and their representation in global land models. They include the significance of plant--microbial interaction in affecting nutrient cycles, inorganic soil phosphorus transformation, and nitrogen release from rocks. As a result, our understanding of the linkages among geology, biology, and climate controlling nutrient cycles is improving. However, progress in modelling nutrient cycles at a global scale is still confronted with large uncertainties in representing key processes owing to lack of data at the relevant scales for evaluating coupled carbon and nutrient cycles. Here we recommend two approaches to advance modelling of land nutrient cycles: the application of machine learning techniques to bridge the gap between global modelling and scattered site-level information and the use of optimality principles to identify key mechanisms driving spatial and temporal patterns of nutrients.},
  pmcid = {PMC8204758},
  pmid = {34195692},
  note = {\url{https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8204758/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/QLZIYWJU/Wang and Goll - 2021 - Modelling of land nutrient cycles recent progress.pdf}
}

@article{wardDepthdependentEffectsEricoid,
  title = {Depth-Dependent Effects of Ericoid Mycorrhizal Shrubs on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Pools Are Accentuated under Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Trees},
  author = {Ward, Elisabeth B. and Polussa, Alexander and Bradford, Mark A.},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.16887},
  urldate = {2023-07-31},
  abstract = {Plant mycorrhizal associations influence the accumulation and persistence of soil organic matter and could therefore shape ecosystem biogeochemical responses to global changes that are altering forest composition. For instance, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree dominance is increasing in temperate forests, and ericoid mycorrhizal (ErM) shrubs can respond positively to canopy disturbances. Yet how shifts in the co-occurrence of trees and shrubs with different mycorrhizal associations will affect soil organic matter pools remains largely unknown. We examine the effects of ErM shrubs on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks and indicators of microbial activity at different depths across gradients of AM versus ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree dominance in three temperate forest sites. We find that ErM shrubs strongly modulate tree mycorrhizal dominance effects. In surface soils, ErM shrubs increase particulate organic matter accumulation and weaken the positive relationship between soil organic matter stocks and indicators of microbial activity. These effects are strongest under AM trees that lack fungal symbionts that can degrade organic matter. In subsurface soil organic matter pools, by contrast, tree mycorrhizal dominance effects are stronger than those of ErM shrubs. Ectomycorrhizal tree dominance has a negative influence on particulate and mineral-associated soil organic matter pools, and these effects are stronger for nitrogen than for carbon stocks. Our findings suggest that increasing co-occurrence of ErM shrubs and AM trees will enhance particulate organic matter accumulation in surface soils by suppressing microbial activity while having little influence on mineral-associated organic matter in subsurface soils. Our study highlights the importance of considering interactions between co-occurring plant mycorrhizal types, as well as their depth-dependent effects, for projecting changes in soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in response to compositional shifts in temperate forests driven by disturbances and global change.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2023 John Wiley \& Sons Ltd.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,ectomycorrhizal fungi,equivalent soil mass,ericoid mycorrhizal fungi,mineral-associated organic matter,particulate organic matter,soil carbon stocks,soil nitrogen},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.16887}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/TRQKP3SB/Ward et al. - Depth-dependent effects of ericoid mycorrhizal shr.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/MQS73M47/gcb.html}
}

@article{wattsCarbonUptakeEurasian,
  title = {Carbon Uptake in {{Eurasian}} Boreal Forests Dominates the High-Latitude Net Ecosystem Carbon Budget},
  author = {Watts, Jennifer D. and Farina, Mary and Kimball, John S. and Schiferl, Luke D. and Liu, Zhihua and Arndt, Kyle A. and Zona, Donatella and Ballantyne, Ashley and Euskirchen, Eug{\'e}nie S. and Parmentier, Frans-Jan W. and Helbig, Manuel and Sonnentag, Oliver and Tagesson, Torbern and Rinne, Janne and Ikawa, Hiroki and Ueyama, Masahito and Kobayashi, Hideki and Sachs, Torsten and Nadeau, Daniel F. and Kochendorfer, John and {Jackowicz-Korczynski}, Marcin and Virkkala, Anna and Aurela, Mika and Commane, Roisin and Byrne, Brendan and Birch, Leah and Johnson, Matthew S. and Madani, Nima and Rogers, Brendan and Du, Jinyang and Endsley, Arthur and Savage, Kathleen and Poulter, Ben and Zhang, Zhen and Bruhwiler, Lori M. and Miller, Charles E. and Goetz, Scott and Oechel, Walter C.},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {n/a},
  number = {n/a},
  issn = {1365-2486},
  doi = {10.1111/gcb.16553},
  urldate = {2023-01-18},
  abstract = {Arctic-boreal landscapes are experiencing profound warming, along with changes in ecosystem moisture status and disturbance from fire. This region is of global importance in terms of carbon feedbacks to climate, yet the sign (sink or source) and magnitude of the Arctic-boreal carbon budget within recent years remains highly uncertain. Here, we provide new estimates of recent (2003--2015) vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE; Reco - GPP), and terrestrial methane (CH4) emissions for the Arctic-boreal zone using a satellite data-driven process-model for northern ecosystems (TCFM-Arctic), calibrated and evaluated using measurements from {$>$}60 tower eddy covariance (EC) sites. We used TCFM-Arctic to obtain daily 1-km2 flux estimates and annual carbon budgets for the pan-Arctic-boreal region. Across the domain, the model indicated an overall average NEE sink of -850 Tg CO2-C year-1. Eurasian boreal zones, especially those in Siberia, contributed to a majority of the net sink. In contrast, the tundra biome was relatively carbon neutral (ranging from small sink to source). Regional CH4 emissions from tundra and boreal wetlands (not accounting for aquatic CH4) were estimated at 35 Tg CH4-C year-1. Accounting for additional emissions from open water aquatic bodies and from fire, using available estimates from the literature, reduced the total regional NEE sink by 21\% and shifted many far northern tundra landscapes, and some boreal forests, to a net carbon source. This assessment, based on in situ observations and models, improves our understanding of the high-latitude carbon status and also indicates a continued need for integrated site-to-regional assessments to monitor the vulnerability of these ecosystems to climate change.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Arctic-boreal,carbon budget,CH4,CO2,remote sensing,tundra,wetland},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.16553}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/V64MS3CE/Watts et al. - Carbon uptake in Eurasian boreal forests dominates.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/NEC8IBXD/gcb.html}
}

@article{wattsRidingElevatorExtinction2022,
  title = {Riding the Elevator to Extinction: {{Disjunct}} Arctic-Alpine Plants of Open Habitats Decline as Their More Competitive Neighbours Expand},
  shorttitle = {Riding the Elevator to Extinction},
  author = {Watts, Sarah H. and Mardon, David K. and Mercer, Catherine and Watson, Dan and Cole, Helen and Shaw, Rosalind F. and Jump, Alistair S.},
  year = {2022},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Biological Conservation},
  volume = {272},
  pages = {109620},
  issn = {0006-3207},
  doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109620},
  urldate = {2023-01-18},
  abstract = {Major displacement of arctic-alpine species towards higher elevations and latitudes is anticipated under climate warming. Disjunct plant populations persisting on mountains at the limits of their species' distributions may have a reduced capacity for migration, and therefore offer a particularly sensitive indication of climate change effects. The flora of Scotland's mountains is of international significance because it contains populations of climate relicts which are isolated geographically and located at the rear edge of their global range. We used a unique long-term monitoring dataset recording vegetation change at a mountain outpost site in the Scottish Highlands to identify divergent population trends in ten rare plant species over the last 30~years. Three arctic-alpine specialists (Sagina nivalis, Sabulina rubella and Saxifraga cernua) have suffered severe declines of over 50~\% of their population size since the mid-1990s, and have been extirpated at their lowest altitude locations. These species are undergoing elevational range contractions and Sagina nivalis is now considered Endangered in Britain. Their open, gravelly snowbed habitats have been affected by vegetation encroachment, landslip and rockfalls. Population changes across all species studied were also significantly related to altitude. Species with stable or increasing population sizes occur at lower altitudes, are taller and have less reliance on sparsely vegetated habitats. These results can be contextualised within broad trends of thermophilization, biotic homogenization, mountain greening and snow cover declines. Our work demonstrates that disjunct low-latitude arctic-alpine plant populations already situated at maximum local elevational gradients could face ``mountaintop extinction'', with implications for the conservation of regional biodiversity.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biodiversity,Climate change,Mountain ecology,Population trends,Range edge,Vegetation dynamics},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320722001732}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/FZX436F8/Watts et al. - 2022 - Riding the elevator to extinction Disjunct arctic.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/VTQXG57X/S0006320722001732.html}
}

@article{wattsSoilRespirationStrongly2021,
  title = {Soil Respiration Strongly Offsets Carbon Uptake in {{Alaska}} and {{Northwest Canada}}},
  author = {Watts, Jennifer D and Natali, Susan M and Minions, Christina and Risk, Dave and Arndt, Kyle and Zona, Donatella and Euskirchen, Eug{\'e}nie S and Rocha, Adrian V and Sonnentag, Oliver and Helbig, Manuel and others},
  year = {2021},
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {16},
  number = {8},
  pages = {084051},
  publisher = {IOP Publishing}
}

@article{webbSurfaceWaterVegetation2021,
  title = {Surface Water, Vegetation, and Fire as Drivers of the Terrestrial {{Arctic-boreal}} Albedo Feedback},
  author = {Webb, E. E. and Loranty, M. M. and Lichstein, J. W.},
  year = {2021},
  month = aug,
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {16},
  number = {8},
  pages = {084046},
  publisher = {IOP Publishing},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac14ea},
  urldate = {2022-10-25},
  abstract = {The Arctic is warming twice as fast as the global average, due in part to the albedo feedbacks of a diminishing cryosphere. As snow cover extent decreases, the underlying land is exposed, which has lower albedo and therefore absorbs more radiation, warming the surface and causing a positive feedback to climate change. Changes in terrestrial snow-free albedo (e.g. changes in vegetation or surface water) could also affect Earth's energy balance, but their importance for contemporary climate change is relatively unknown. Here we show that changes in surface water are significantly altering Artic-boreal albedo, and explain up to 27\% of the spatial variation in monthly albedo change from 2000 to 2019. The increase in radiative forcing due to changes in surface water extent is most pronounced in the continuous permafrost zone, contributing to a positive feedback between permafrost thaw and climate change. Additionally, we show that fire history and changes in tree cover and surface water extent together account for at least 15\% of albedo-induced radiative forcing over the study period, indicating that these processes are a regionally important aspect of the climate-albedo feedback.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac14ea}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/RG6SZUWS/Webb et al. - 2021 - Surface water, vegetation, and fire as drivers of .pdf}
}

@article{welkerAnnualCO2Flux2000,
  title = {Annual {{CO2}} Flux in Dry and Moist Arctic Tundra: Field Responses to Increases in Summer Temperatures and Winter Snow Depth},
  author = {Welker, {\relax JM} and Fahnestock, {\relax JT} and Jones, {\relax MH}},
  year = {2000},
  journal = {Climatic Change},
  volume = {44},
  number = {1-2},
  pages = {139--150},
  publisher = {Springer}
}

@article{westergaard-nielsenGreenlandicSheepFarming2015,
  title = {Greenlandic Sheep Farming Controlled by Vegetation Response Today and at the End of the 21st {{Century}}},
  author = {{Westergaard-Nielsen}, Andreas and Bj{\o}rnsson, Anders Boding and Jepsen, Martin Rudbeck and Stendel, Martin and Hansen, Birger Ulf and Elberling, Bo},
  year = {2015},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
  volume = {512--513},
  pages = {672--681},
  issn = {0048-9697},
  doi = {10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.039},
  urldate = {2023-05-31},
  abstract = {The spatial heterogeneity of vegetation greenness and potential aboveground biomass production for sheep farming has been assessed for Southwest Greenland. A Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) model was set up to identify biophysical constraints on the present spatial distribution of farms and fields based on all existing sheep farms in a detailed study area. Time-integrated NDVI (TI-NDVI) from MODIS and observed temperatures (2000--2012) have been combined with a downscaled regional climate model (HIRHAM5) in order to establish a spatio-temporal model for future TI-NDVI, thus forecasting the dry biomass production available for sheep farming in steps of decades for the next 85years. The model has been validated against observed biomass production and the present distribution of fields. Future biomass production is used to discuss the expansion of current farms and to identify new suitable areas for sheep farming. Interestingly, new suitable areas are located where sheep farms were situated during the Norse era more than 1000years ago; areas which have been abandoned for the past 500years. The study highlights the potential of establishing new areas for sheep farming in Arctic Greenland, where current and future climate changes are markedly amplified compared to global trends. However, for the study area the MCE model clearly indicates that the potential of expansion relies on contemporary infrastructural development.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Biomass,Climate changes,Greenland,Sheep grazing,TI-NDVI,Vegetation response},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896971500042X}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/QX78Y44P/Westergaard-Nielsen et al. - 2015 - Greenlandic sheep farming controlled by vegetation.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/DBVV9FY2/S004896971500042X.html}
}

@article{westGeneralModelOrigin1997,
  title = {A {{General Model}} for the {{Origin}} of {{Allometric Scaling Laws}} in {{Biology}}},
  author = {West, Geoffrey B. and Brown, James H. and Enquist, Brian J.},
  year = {1997},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {276},
  number = {5309},
  pages = {122--126},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.276.5309.122},
  urldate = {2023-01-12},
  abstract = {Allometric scaling relations, including the 3/4 power law for metabolic rates, are characteristic of all organisms and are here derived from a general model that describes how essential materials are transported through space-filling fractal networks of branching tubes. The model assumes that the energy dissipated is minimized and that the terminal tubes do not vary with body size. It provides a complete analysis of scaling relations for mammalian circulatory systems that are in agreement with data. More generally, the model predicts structural and functional properties of vertebrate cardiovascular and respiratory systems, plant vascular systems, insect tracheal tubes, and other distribution networks.},
  note = {\url{https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.276.5309.122}}
}

@article{wieczynskiClimateShapesShifts2019,
  title = {Climate Shapes and Shifts Functional Biodiversity in Forests Worldwide},
  author = {Wieczynski, Daniel J and Boyle, Brad and Buzzard, Vanessa and Duran, Sandra M and Henderson, Amanda N and Hulshof, Catherine M and Kerkhoff, Andrew J and McCarthy, Megan C and Michaletz, Sean T and Swenson, Nathan G and others},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
  volume = {116},
  number = {2},
  pages = {587--592},
  publisher = {National Acad Sciences}
}

@article{wildClimateEcologicallyRelevant2019,
  title = {Climate at Ecologically Relevant Scales: {{A}} New Temperature and Soil Moisture Logger for Long-Term Microclimate Measurement},
  author = {Wild, Jan and Kopeck{\`y}, Martin and Macek, Martin and {\v S}anda, Martin and Jankovec, Jakub and Haase, Tom{\'a}{\v s}},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  volume = {268},
  pages = {40--47},
  publisher = {Elsevier}
}

@article{wildClimateEcologicallyRelevant2019a,
  title = {Climate at Ecologically Relevant Scales: {{A}} New Temperature and Soil Moisture Logger for Long-Term Microclimate Measurement},
  shorttitle = {Climate at Ecologically Relevant Scales},
  author = {Wild, Jan and Kopeck{\'y}, Martin and Macek, Martin and {\v S}anda, Martin and Jankovec, Jakub and Haase, Tom{\'a}{\v s}},
  year = {2019},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  volume = {268},
  pages = {40--47},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.12.018},
  urldate = {2024-06-15},
  abstract = {Climate measurements are needed at a scale at which organisms live and die. Currently available climate sensors, however, are not well suited for long-term field measurements at such a scale. We have therefore developed a new temperature and moisture logger, the Temperature-Moisture-Sensor (TMS), which we designed for a wide range of ecological applications. The device mimics a small herbaceous plant. Its belowground part houses a patented, proprietary soil moisture sensor working on the time-domain transmission principle. Air, surface and soil temperatures are measured simultaneously by three independent sensors. The TMS data logger has a large memory and long battery life, so it is suitable for taking long-term microclimate measurements in the field. With a data acquisition interval of 15\,min, it has sufficient memory to last for almost 15 years. We have thoroughly tested the TMS logger both in the laboratory and in demanding field conditions ranging from tropical rain forests of Africa to high-elevation cold deserts of the Himalayas. The device has provided microclimate measurements in a wide range of environmental conditions and has also performed well in controlled laboratory settings. The key added value of the TMS logger is that it concurrently measures soil moisture as well as soil, surface and air temperature at a biologically relevant scale. It is also able to continuously measure the microclimate for several years even in the most extreme conditions. The device can therefore be used to build extensive tailored field measurement networks providing crucial data about microclimate conditions shaping biological processes in the face of climate change.},
  keywords = {Microclimate,Sensor,Soil moisture,Temperature,Time-domain transmission,Topoclimate},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192318304118}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/Q9PW2U63/S0168192318304118.html}
}

@article{wilkinsonFAIRGuidingPrinciples2016,
  title = {The {{FAIR Guiding Principles}} for Scientific Data Management and Stewardship},
  author = {Wilkinson, Mark D. and Dumontier, Michel and Aalbersberg, IJsbrand Jan and Appleton, Gabrielle and Axton, Myles and Baak, Arie and Blomberg, Niklas and Boiten, Jan-Willem and {da Silva Santos}, Luiz Bonino and Bourne, Philip E. and Bouwman, Jildau and Brookes, Anthony J. and Clark, Tim and Crosas, Merc{\`e} and Dillo, Ingrid and Dumon, Olivier and Edmunds, Scott and Evelo, Chris T. and Finkers, Richard and {Gonzalez-Beltran}, Alejandra and Gray, Alasdair J. G. and Groth, Paul and Goble, Carole and Grethe, Jeffrey S. and Heringa, Jaap and {'t Hoen}, Peter A. C. and Hooft, Rob and Kuhn, Tobias and Kok, Ruben and Kok, Joost and Lusher, Scott J. and Martone, Maryann E. and Mons, Albert and Packer, Abel L. and Persson, Bengt and {Rocca-Serra}, Philippe and Roos, Marco and {van Schaik}, Rene and Sansone, Susanna-Assunta and Schultes, Erik and Sengstag, Thierry and Slater, Ted and Strawn, George and Swertz, Morris A. and Thompson, Mark and {van der Lei}, Johan and {van Mulligen}, Erik and Velterop, Jan and Waagmeester, Andra and Wittenburg, Peter and Wolstencroft, Katherine and Zhao, Jun and Mons, Barend},
  year = {2016},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Scientific Data},
  volume = {3},
  number = {1},
  pages = {160018},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  issn = {2052-4463},
  doi = {10.1038/sdata.2016.18},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {There is an urgent need to improve the infrastructure supporting the reuse of scholarly data. A diverse set of stakeholders---representing academia, industry, funding agencies, and scholarly publishers---have come together to design and jointly endorse a concise and measureable set of principles that we refer to as the FAIR Data Principles. The intent is that these may act as a guideline for those wishing to enhance the reusability of their data holdings. Distinct from peer initiatives that focus on the human scholar, the FAIR Principles put specific emphasis on enhancing the ability of machines to automatically find and use the data, in addition to supporting its reuse by individuals. This Comment is the first formal publication of the FAIR Principles, and includes the rationale behind them, and some exemplar implementations in the community.},
  copyright = {2016 The Author(s)},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Publication characteristics,Research data},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201618}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/RJGP9DI9/Wilkinson et al. - 2016 - The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship.pdf}
}

@article{willcockModelEnsemblesEcosystem2023,
  title = {Model Ensembles of Ecosystem Services Fill Global Certainty and Capacity Gaps},
  author = {Willcock, Simon and Hooftman, Danny A.~P. and Neugarten, Rachel A. and {Chaplin-Kramer}, Rebecca and Barredo, Jos{\'e} I. and Hickler, Thomas and Kindermann, Georg and Lewis, Amy R. and Lindeskog, Mats and {Mart{\'i}nez-L{\'o}pez}, Javier and Bullock, James M.},
  year = {2023},
  month = apr,
  journal = {Science Advances},
  volume = {9},
  number = {14},
  pages = {eadf5492},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/sciadv.adf5492},
  urldate = {2023-05-11},
  abstract = {Sustaining ecosystem services (ES) critical to human well-being is hindered by many practitioners lacking access to ES models (``the capacity gap'') or knowledge of the accuracy of available models (``the certainty gap''), especially in the world's poorer regions. We developed ensembles of multiple models at an unprecedented global scale for five ES of high policy relevance. Ensembles were 2 to 14\% more accurate than individual models. Ensemble accuracy was not correlated with proxies for research capacity, indicating that accuracy is distributed equitably across the globe and that countries less able to research ES suffer no accuracy penalty. By making these ES ensembles and associated accuracy estimates freely available, we provide globally consistent ES information that can support policy and decision-making in regions with low data availability or low capacity for implementing complex ES models. Thus, we hope to reduce the capacity and certainty gaps impeding local- to global-scale movement toward ES sustainability.},
  note = {\url{https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adf5492}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/PJS3PGAK/Willcock et al. - 2023 - Model ensembles of ecosystem services fill global .pdf}
}

@article{williamsUnifyingFrameworkStudying2020,
  title = {A Unifying Framework for Studying and Managing Climate-Driven Rates of Ecological Change},
  author = {Williams, John W and Ordonez, Alejandro and Svenning, Jens-Christian},
  year = {2020},
  journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
  pages = {1--10},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{wilsonFluxfinderPackageReproducible2024,
  title = {Fluxfinder: {{An R Package}} for {{Reproducible Calculation}} and {{Initial Processing}} of {{Greenhouse Gas Fluxes From Static Chamber Measurements}}},
  shorttitle = {Fluxfinder},
  author = {Wilson, Stephanie J. and {Bond-Lamberty}, Ben and Noyce, Genevieve and Bittencourt Peixoto, Roberta and Megonigal, J. Patrick},
  year = {2024},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  volume = {129},
  number = {11},
  pages = {e2024JG008208},
  issn = {2169-8961},
  doi = {10.1029/2024JG008208},
  urldate = {2024-12-04},
  abstract = {Fluxes of greenhouse gases are a critical component of the earth's natural climate, but anthropogenic emissions have created an imbalance and resulted in global climate change. Quantifying the emission of these gases is vital to our understanding of their sources and sinks, both natural and anthropogenic. The static chamber method, in which a system of interest is enclosed, and gas concentrations are measured over time, is widely used to estimate fluxes of greenhouse gases. With the development of instruments such as infrared gas analyzers (IRGAs) supporting high-frequency concentration data, there is a growing need for open-source workflows to calculate fluxes. Here we present fluxfinder, an R package designed to support reproducible calculations and processing of greenhouse gas fluxes measured with the static chamber method. The package includes raw data file parsing from widely used IRGAs, metadata matching, unit conversion, flux estimations, and initial quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC). Diagnostic graphical plots provide a transparent way to differentiate between measurement issues and nonlinear behavior. The package is also designed to be easily integrated with the gasfluxes package for further fitting of nonlinear concentration-time models, allowing alternative or additional flux QA/QC. The fluxfinder package offers a flexible workflow that is easily adaptable to promote open and reproducible greenhouse gas flux estimations.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2024 American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {calculation,fluxes,greenhouse gases,static chambers},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2024JG008208}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/EZ8LZH37/Wilson et al. - 2024 - fluxfinder An R Package for Reproducible Calculation and Initial Processing of Greenhouse Gas Fluxe.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/79SK2RLM/2024JG008208.html}
}

@article{wookeyEcosystemFeedbacksCascade2009,
  title = {Ecosystem Feedbacks and Cascade Processes: Understanding Their Role in the Responses of {{Arctic}} and Alpine Ecosystems to Environmental Change},
  author = {Wookey, Philip A and Aerts, Rien and Bardgett, Richard D and Baptist, Florence and Br{\aa}then, Kari Anne and Cornelissen, Johannes HC and Gough, Laura and Hartley, Iain P and Hopkins, David W and Lavorel, Sandra and others},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {Global Change Biology},
  volume = {15},
  number = {5},
  pages = {1153--1172},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{wullschlegerPlantFunctionalTypes2014,
  title = {Plant Functional Types in {{Earth}} System Models: Past Experiences and Future Directions for Application of Dynamic Vegetation Models in High-Latitude Ecosystems},
  author = {Wullschleger, Stan D and Epstein, Howard E and Box, Elgene O and Euskirchen, Eug{\'e}nie S and Goswami, Santonu and Iversen, Colleen M and Kattge, Jens and Norby, Richard J and {van Bodegom}, Peter M and Xu, Xiaofeng},
  year = {2014},
  journal = {Annals of botany},
  volume = {114},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--16},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press}
}

@article{xuMaintainingPressureEquilibrium2006,
  title = {On Maintaining Pressure Equilibrium between a Soil {{CO2}} Flux Chamber and the Ambient Air},
  author = {Xu, Liukang and Furtaw, Michael D. and Madsen, Rodney A. and Garcia, Richard L. and Anderson, Daniel J. and McDermitt, Dayle K.},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  volume = {111},
  number = {D8},
  issn = {2156-2202},
  doi = {10.1029/2005JD006435},
  urldate = {2023-07-07},
  abstract = {Pressure equilibrium between inside a soil CO2 flux chamber and the surrounding air outside the chamber must be maintained during a measurement if measured soil CO2 flux (FCO2) is to accurately represent the rate occurring naturally outside the chamber. In previous studies a simple vent tube connecting to the chamber has often been used to maintain pressure equilibrium. This approach, however, can be effective only under calm conditions. Under windy conditions, negative pressure excursions will occur inside the chamber that are artifacts resulting from wind passing over the vent tube's external open end, a phenomenon known as the Venturi effect. This causes anomalous mass flow of CO2-rich air from the soil into the chamber, leading to a significant overestimation of FCO2. In this present study, we found that negative chamber pressure excursions due to the Venturi effect cannot be observed unless the differential pressure measurement is made with the chamber resting on an impermeable base. Making pressure measurements with a chamber resting on porous soil can lead to the erroneous conclusion that an anomalous mass flow is not a problem precisely when it is causing serious artifacts. We also present a new vent design for a soil CO2 flux chamber capable of maintaining pressure equilibrium between inside the chamber and the ambient air outside the chamber under both calm and windy conditions. Differential pressure measurements from field experiments show that the pressures inside our newly designed vented chamber equal those outside the chamber when wind speed at a height of 0.5 m is up to 7 m s-1, thus virtually eliminating artifacts due to the Venturi effect. Our field data show that the problem of overestimation in measured FCO2 by a chamber with older vent designs under windy conditions can be avoided with our newly designed vented chamber.},
  copyright = {Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {chamber pressure equilibrium,chamber-based method,dynamic pressure,soil CO2 efflux measurement,static pressure,vent design},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2005JD006435}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/QL2VXRI9/Xu et al. - 2006 - On maintaining pressure equilibrium between a soil.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/JMRTXS8G/2005JD006435.html}
}

@article{xuMaintainingPressureEquilibrium2006a,
  title = {On Maintaining Pressure Equilibrium between a Soil {{CO2}} Flux Chamber and the Ambient Air},
  author = {Xu, Liukang and Furtaw, Michael D. and Madsen, Rodney A. and Garcia, Richard L. and Anderson, Daniel J. and McDermitt, Dayle K.},
  year = {2006},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  volume = {111},
  number = {D8},
  issn = {2156-2202},
  doi = {10.1029/2005JD006435},
  urldate = {2025-01-24},
  abstract = {Pressure equilibrium between inside a soil CO2 flux chamber and the surrounding air outside the chamber must be maintained during a measurement if measured soil CO2 flux (FCO2) is to accurately represent the rate occurring naturally outside the chamber. In previous studies a simple vent tube connecting to the chamber has often been used to maintain pressure equilibrium. This approach, however, can be effective only under calm conditions. Under windy conditions, negative pressure excursions will occur inside the chamber that are artifacts resulting from wind passing over the vent tube's external open end, a phenomenon known as the Venturi effect. This causes anomalous mass flow of CO2-rich air from the soil into the chamber, leading to a significant overestimation of FCO2. In this present study, we found that negative chamber pressure excursions due to the Venturi effect cannot be observed unless the differential pressure measurement is made with the chamber resting on an impermeable base. Making pressure measurements with a chamber resting on porous soil can lead to the erroneous conclusion that an anomalous mass flow is not a problem precisely when it is causing serious artifacts. We also present a new vent design for a soil CO2 flux chamber capable of maintaining pressure equilibrium between inside the chamber and the ambient air outside the chamber under both calm and windy conditions. Differential pressure measurements from field experiments show that the pressures inside our newly designed vented chamber equal those outside the chamber when wind speed at a height of 0.5 m is up to 7 m s-1, thus virtually eliminating artifacts due to the Venturi effect. Our field data show that the problem of overestimation in measured FCO2 by a chamber with older vent designs under windy conditions can be avoided with our newly designed vented chamber.},
  copyright = {Copyright 2006 by the American Geophysical Union.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {chamber pressure equilibrium,chamber-based method,dynamic pressure,soil CO2 efflux measurement,static pressure,vent design},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2005JD006435}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/SWKANNH2/Xu et al. - 2006 - On maintaining pressure equilibrium between a soil CO2 flux chamber and the ambient air.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/MG5USVI2/2005JD006435.html}
}

@article{yanChangingPlantSpecies2022,
  title = {Changing Plant Species Composition and Richness Benefit Soil Carbon Sequestration under Climate Warming},
  author = {Yan, Yingjie and Niu, Shuli and He, Yicheng and Wang, Song and Song, Lei and Peng, Jinlong and Chen, Xinli and Quan, Quan and Meng, Cheng and Zhou, Qingping and Wang, Jinsong},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Functional Ecology},
  volume = {36},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2906--2916},
  issn = {1365-2435},
  doi = {10.1111/1365-2435.14218},
  urldate = {2022-12-14},
  abstract = {Anthropogenic warming and land-use change are expected to accelerate global soil organic carbon (SOC) losses and change plant species composition and richness. However, how changes in plant composition and species richness mediate SOC responses to climate warming and land-use change remains poorly understood. Using data from a 7-year warming and clipping field experiment in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai--Tibetan Plateau, we examined the direct effects of warming and clipping on SOC storage versus their indirect effects mediated by plant functional type and species richness. We found that warming significantly increased SOC storage by 8.1\% and clipping decreased it by 6.4\%, which was closely correlated with the corresponding response of below-ground net primary productivity (BNPP). We also found a negative correlation between SOC storage and species richness, which was ascribed to the increased BNPP via enhancing the dominance of grasses and decreasing species richness under warming. The lower SOC storage under clipping was caused by the clipping-induced decrease in BNPP via weakening the dominance of grasses and increasing species richness. Our findings highlight that the SOC storage in this alpine meadow under climate warming and clipping was primarily governed by BNPP changes, which was mediated by changes in the dominance of grasses and species richness. Overall, our study demonstrates that shifting to the dominance of grasses and changing species richness would benefit soil C sequestration under climate warming, but this positive effect would be dampened by grazing or hay harvest. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {climate warming,dominant functional type,land-use change,soil organic carbon,species richness},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2435.14218}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/C5FJ7JNZ/Yan et al. - 2022 - Changing plant species composition and richness be.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GB6822TK/1365-2435.html}
}

@article{yangTransplantsOpenTop2018,
  title = {Transplants, Open Top Chambers ({{OTCs}}) and Gradient Studies Ask Different Questions in Climate Change Effects Studies},
  author = {Yang, Yan and Halbritter, Aud H and Klanderud, Kari and Telford, Richard J and Wang, Genxu and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Frontiers in plant science},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1574},
  publisher = {Frontiers}
}

@article{yangTransplantsOpenTop2018a,
  title = {Transplants, {{Open Top Chambers}} ({{OTCs}}) and {{Gradient Studies Ask Different Questions}} in {{Climate Change Effects Studies}}},
  author = {Yang, Yan and Halbritter, Aud H. and Klanderud, Kari and Telford, Richard J. and Wang, Genxu and Vandvik, Vigdis},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Frontiers in Plant Science},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {1664-462X},
  urldate = {2023-01-26},
  abstract = {Long-term monitoring, space-for-time substitutions along gradients, and in situ temperature manipulations are common approaches to understand effects of climate change on alpine and arctic plant communities. Although general patterns emerge from studies using different approaches, there are also some inconsistencies. To provide better estimates of plant community responses to future warming across a range of environments, there have been repeated calls for integrating different approaches within single studies. Thus, to examine how different methods in climate change effect studies may ask different questions, we combined three climate warming approaches in a single study in the Hengduan Mountains of southwestern China. We monitored plant communities along an elevation gradient using the space-for-time approach, and conducted warming experiments using open top chambers (OTCs) and plant community transplantation toward warmer climates along the same gradient. Plant species richness and abundances were monitored over 5 years addressing two questions: (1) how do plant communities respond to the different climate warming approaches? (2) how can the combined approaches improve predictions of plant community responses to climate change? The general trend across all three approaches was decreased species richness with climate warming at low elevations. This suggests increased competition from immigrating lowland species, and/or from the species already growing inside the plots, as indicated by increased biomass, vegetation height or proportion of graminoids. At the coldest sites, species richness decreased in OTCs and along the gradient, but increased in the transplants, suggesting that plant communities in colder climates are more open to invasion from lowland species, with slow species loss. This was only detected in the transplants, showing that different approaches, may yield different results. Whereas OTCs may constrain immigration of new species, transplanted communities are rapidly exposed to new neighbors that can easily colonize the small plots. Thus, different approaches ask slightly different questions, in particular regarding indirect climate change effects, such as biotic interactions. To better understand both direct and indirect effects of climate change on plant communities, we need to combine approaches in future studies, and if novel interactions are of particular interest, transplants may be a better approach than OTCs.},
  note = {\url{https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2018.01574}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/ESNT6F98/Yang et al. - 2018 - Transplants, Open Top Chambers (OTCs) and Gradient.pdf}
}

@article{youOceansBreakHeat2024,
  title = {Oceans Break Heat Records Five Years in a Row},
  author = {You, Xiaoying},
  year = {2024},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Nature},
  volume = {625},
  number = {7995},
  pages = {434--435},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
  doi = {10.1038/d41586-024-00081-0},
  urldate = {2024-02-01},
  abstract = {The heat stored in the world's oceans increased by the greatest margin ever in 2023.},
  copyright = {2024 Springer Nature Limited},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Climate change,Climate sciences,Ocean sciences},
  annotation = {Bandiera\_abtest: a\\
Cg\_type: News\\
Subject\_term: Climate sciences, Climate change, Ocean sciences},
  note = {\url{https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00081-0}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/HHSGUXRZ/You - 2024 - Oceans break heat records five years in a row.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/8QW7UN5B/d41586-024-00081-0.html}
}

@article{youWarmingAmplificationArctic2021,
  title = {Warming Amplification over the {{Arctic Pole}} and {{Third Pole}}: {{Trends}}, Mechanisms and Consequences},
  shorttitle = {Warming Amplification over the {{Arctic Pole}} and {{Third Pole}}},
  author = {You, Qinglong and Cai, Ziyi and Pepin, Nick and Chen, Deliang and Ahrens, Bodo and Jiang, Zhihong and Wu, Fangying and Kang, Shichang and Zhang, Ruonan and Wu, Tonghua and Wang, Pengling and Li, Mingcai and Zuo, Zhiyan and Gao, Yanhong and Zhai, Panmao and Zhang, Yuqing},
  year = {2021},
  month = jun,
  journal = {Earth-Science Reviews},
  volume = {217},
  pages = {103625},
  issn = {0012-8252},
  doi = {10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103625},
  urldate = {2022-10-20},
  abstract = {Warming amplification over the Arctic Pole (AP hereafter) and Third Pole (Tibetan Plateau, TP hereafter) can trigger a series of climate responses and have global consequences. Arctic amplification (AA) and Tibetan amplification (TA) are the most significant characteristics of climate change patterns over the two Poles. In this study, trends, mechanisms and consequences of both AA and TA are compared. Based on ERA5 reanalysis during 1979--2020, both AP and TP have undergone significant warming with an annual rate of 0.72~{$^\circ$}C/decade and 0.34~{$^\circ$}C/decade respectively, which exceeds the rates for the Northern Hemisphere (0.29~{$^\circ$}C/decade) and the global means (0.19~{$^\circ$}C/decade) over the same period. Based on 22 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 models, AA over the AP is warming at a rate almost four times than the global means and twice as fast over the TP. Although both AA and TA are projected to continue in the future, currently there is no consensus on the dominant mechanisms for AA or TA over the two Poles. Proposed mechanisms of AA can be divided into two types: local climate factors (sea ice-albedo feedback, Planck feedback, temperature gradient feedback, cloud feedback, and water vapor feedback); and poleward heat and moisture transport from lower latitudes (atmospheric circulation effect, ocean circulation effect, and modulation of Pacific and Atlantic SST). Consequences of AA include decline of sea ice cover, retreat of the Greenland ice sheet, permafrost degradation, accelerated disturbances in marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and influences on extreme climate events at lower latitudes. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission, snow/ice-albedo feedback, cloud-radiation interactions, water vapor and radiative flux feedbacks, local forcing and feedback processes, land use changes and reduction in total ozone, are generally considered to be the main mechanisms causing TA. TA has caused significant change within the atmosphere and cryosphere over the TP and its surroundings, such as changes in climate extremes, snow cover, the retreat of glaciers, and permafrost degradation. Similarities and differences of warming amplifications over the two Poles are proposed, and the relative contribution of each mechanism to the warming amplifications and how the specific consequences may compare over the two Poles remain unclear and under continuing investigation.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Arctic amplification,Arctic Pole,Physical mechanisms,Third Pole,Tibetan amplification},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825221001252}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/V86Q38RN/You et al. - 2021 - Warming amplification over the Arctic Pole and Thi.pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/GTQR4V4R/S0012825221001252.html}
}

@article{yuAttributionSpatialHeterogeneity2022,
  title = {Attribution of the Spatial Heterogeneity of {{Arctic}} Surface Albedo Feedback to the Dynamics of Vegetation, Snow and Soil Properties and Their Interactions},
  author = {Yu, Linfei and Leng, Guoyong and Python, Andre},
  year = {2022},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Environmental Research Letters},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  pages = {014036},
  publisher = {IOP Publishing},
  issn = {1748-9326},
  doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ac4631},
  urldate = {2022-10-25},
  abstract = {The Arctic warming rate is triple the global average, which is partially caused by surface albedo feedback (SAF). Understanding the varying pattern of SAF and the mechanisms is therefore critical for predicting future Arctic climate under anthropogenic warming. To date, however, how the spatial pattern of seasonal SAF is influenced by various land surface factors remains unclear. Here, we aim to quantify the strengths of seasonal SAF across the Arctic and to attribute its spatial heterogeneity to the dynamics of vegetation, snow and soil as well as their interactions. The results show a large positive SAF above -5\% K-1 across Baffin Island in January and eastern Yakutia in June, while a large negative SAF beyond 5\% K-1 is observed in Canada, Chukotka and low latitudes of Greenland in January and Nunavut, Baffin Island and Krasnoyarsk Krai in July. Overall, a great spatial heterogeneity of Arctic land warming induced by positive SAF is found with a coefficient of variation (CV) larger than 61.5\%, and the largest spatial difference is detected in wintertime with a CV {$>$} 643.9\%. Based on the optimal parameter-based geographic detector model, the impacts of snow cover fraction (SCF), land cover type (LC), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil water content (SW), soil substrate chemistry (SC) and soil type (ST) on the spatial pattern of positive SAF are quantified. The rank of determinant power is SCF {$>$} LC {$>$} NDVI {$>$} SW {$>$} SC {$>$} ST, which indicates that the spatial patterns of snow cover, land cover and vegetation coverage dominate the spatial heterogeneity of positive SAF in the Arctic. The interactions between SCF, LC and SW exert further influences on the spatial pattern of positive SAF in March, June and July. This work could provide a deeper understanding of how various land factors contribute to the spatial heterogeneity of Arctic land warming at the annual cycle.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4631}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/7Q24SCZF/Yu et al. - 2022 - Attribution of the spatial heterogeneity of Arctic.pdf}
}

@article{zawilskiUltralowcostManualSoil2024,
  title = {Ultra-Low-Cost Manual Soil Respiration Chamber},
  author = {Zawilski, Bartosz M. and Bustillo, Vincent},
  year = {2024},
  month = mar,
  journal = {Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {51--62},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {2193-0856},
  doi = {10.5194/gi-13-51-2024},
  urldate = {2024-05-07},
  abstract = {Soil respiration measurement is important to assess natural carbon dioxide production. The closed-chamber technique allows relatively easy soil respiration monitoring. A planned spatially large-scale campaign incites us to implement our ultra-low-cost portative chamber. The chamber itself is entirely built from commercial parts with little, easy-to-perform, quick machining work. The resulting setup is an easy-to-operate, standalone, robust device. The used sensors are cost-effective yet accurate digital sensors that were successfully checked against some reference sensors. All of these characteristics made the described chamber accessible to build and use for a wide scientific and educational community. In this short note, we describe this simple device along with its sensors and apparent respiration quotient tip.},
  langid = {english},
  note = {\url{https://gi.copernicus.org/articles/13/51/2024/}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/6UJVPX3C/Zawilski and Bustillo - 2024 - Ultra-low-cost manual soil respiration chamber.pdf}
}

@article{zhangDriversMountainSoil2023,
  title = {Drivers of Mountain Soil Organic Carbon Stock Dynamics: {{A}} Review},
  shorttitle = {Drivers of Mountain Soil Organic Carbon Stock Dynamics},
  author = {Zhang, Yong and An, Cheng-bang and Zhang, Wen-sheng and Zheng, Li-yuan and Zhang, Yan-zhen and Lu, Chao and Liu, Lu-yu},
  year = {2023},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Journal of Soils and Sediments},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {64--76},
  issn = {1614-7480},
  doi = {10.1007/s11368-022-03313-w},
  urldate = {2023-01-18},
  abstract = {Mountains have unique microclimates and rich plant diversity, resulting in different patterns and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) across plant communities and elevations. Nevertheless, few studies have systematically reviewed the drivers of the dynamics of global SOC in mountainous regions.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Drivers,Human activities,Mountain ecosystem,Natural changes,Soil organic carbon},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-022-03313-w}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/MVR86GVY/Zhang et al. - 2023 - Drivers of mountain soil organic carbon stock dyna.pdf}
}

@article{zhangEffectClimateWarming2017,
  title = {Effect of Climate Warming on the Annual Terrestrial Net Ecosystem {{CO}} 2 Exchange Globally in the Boreal and Temperate Regions},
  author = {Zhang, Zhiyuan and Zhang, Renduo and Cescatti, Alessandro and Wohlfahrt, Georg and Buchmann, Nina and Zhu, Juan and Chen, Guanhong and Moyano, Fernando and Pumpanen, Jukka and Hirano, Takashi and others},
  year = {2017},
  journal = {Scientific reports},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1--11},
  publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}
}

@article{zhangNongrowingSeasonSoil2015,
  title = {Non-Growing Season Soil {{CO2}} Flux and Its Contribution to Annual Soil {{CO2}} Emissions in Two Typical Grasslands in the Permafrost Region of the {{Qinghai-Tibet Plateau}}},
  author = {Zhang, Tao and Wang, Genxu and Yang, Yan and Mao, Tianxu and Chen, Xiaopeng},
  year = {2015},
  journal = {European journal of soil biology},
  volume = {71},
  pages = {45--52},
  publisher = {Elsevier}
}

@article{zhangProcessOrientedModelingHigh2018,
  title = {Process-{{Oriented Modeling}} of a {{High Arctic Tundra Ecosystem}}: {{Long-Term Carbon Budget}} and {{Ecosystem Responses}} to {{Interannual Variations}} of {{Climate}}},
  shorttitle = {Process-{{Oriented Modeling}} of a {{High Arctic Tundra Ecosystem}}},
  author = {Zhang, Wenxin and Jansson, Per-Erik and Schurgers, Guy and Hollesen, J{\o}rgen and Lund, Magnus and Abermann, Jakob and Elberling, Bo},
  year = {2018},
  journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences},
  volume = {123},
  number = {4},
  pages = {1178--1196},
  issn = {2169-8961},
  doi = {10.1002/2017JG003956},
  urldate = {2022-10-20},
  abstract = {Terrestrial carbon (C) cycling in high Arctic tundra depends on ecosystem responses to climatic warming and concurrent changes in environmental conditions. There are very few studies to quantify long-term C budget in high Arctic tundra due to lack of sufficient measurements. Here based on well-established multiyear measurements, we calibrated a process-oriented model (CoupModel) to quantify various components of the C budget at a Cassiope tetragona heath ecosystem in northeast Greenland. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) for 2000--2014 was estimated at -15 {\textpm} 10 g C m-2 yr-1. Ecosystem respiration (ER) for nongrowing seasons was estimated at 10.3 {\textpm} 5.3 g C m-2 yr-1, representing around 13\% of the annual ER. Significant trends for interannual variations of aboveground and belowground C fluxes and stocks were found for the subperiods (i.e., 2000--2008 and 2008--2014) but not for the entire period. Interannual variations of NEE largely relied on the response of gross primary production (GPP) and ER to seasonal changes in climate. Moreover, the model showed that interannual variations of GPP, ER, and NEE had a much higher linear correlation with July temperature and annual maximum thawing depth (ALDmax) than other climatic and site characteristics. ALDmax had the highest correlation with the decomposition rate of humus C. Overall, this modeling study suggests that a sink-source transition of the studied ecosystem depends on ecosystem responses to interannual variations of climate and that the net C balance may be sensitive to summer warmth and active layer thickness.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {carbon budget,CoupModel,high Arctic,interannual variations,nongrowing season,permafrost},
  note = {\url{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017JG003956}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/CNSBCT2U/Zhang et al. - 2018 - Process-Oriented Modeling of a High Arctic Tundra .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/HRK8HYIL/2017JG003956.html}
}

@article{Zhao2019,
  title = {{{FluxCalR}}: A {{R}} Package for Calculating {{CO}} 2  and {{CH}} 4  Fluxes from Static Chambers},
  author = {Zhao, Junbin},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {4},
  number = {43},
  pages = {1751},
  publisher = {The Open Journal},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.01751},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01751}}
}

@article{Zhao2019,
  title = {{{FluxCalR}}: A {{R}} Package for Calculating {{CO}} 2  and {{CH}} 4  Fluxes from Static Chambers},
  author = {Zhao, Junbin},
  year = {2019},
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {4},
  number = {43},
  pages = {1751},
  publisher = {The Open Journal},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.01751},
  note = {\url{https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01751}}
}

@article{zhaoCalculationDaytimeCO22018,
  title = {On the Calculation of Daytime {{CO2}} Fluxes Measured by Automated Closed Transparent Chambers},
  author = {Zhao, Peng and Hammerle, Albin and Zeeman, Matthias and Wohlfahrt, Georg},
  year = {2018},
  month = dec,
  journal = {Agricultural and Forest Meteorology},
  volume = {263},
  pages = {267--275},
  issn = {0168-1923},
  doi = {10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.08.022},
  urldate = {2022-12-12},
  abstract = {Automated transparent chambers have gained increasing popularity in recent years to continuously measure net CO2 fluxes between low-statured canopies and the atmosphere. In this study, we carried out four field campaigns with chamber measurements in a variety of mountainous grasslands. A mathematic stationary point (or critical point, a point at which the derivative of a function is zero) in the CO2 mixing ratio time series was found in a substantial fraction of the measurements at all the sites, which had a significant influence on the performances of the regression algorithms. The stationary point was probably due to condensed water on the inner wall of the chamber dome, which reduced the solar radiation and resulted in a reversal of the CO2 mixing ratio time series in the chamber (so called Clouded-Glass Effect or CGE in this study). This effect may be the cause of the observed underestimation of daytime CO2 fluxes when using common linear and exponential regression models on continuous automated chamber observations. In order to avoid biased flux estimation of daytime CO2 fluxes, we introduced a linearly increasing term to the exponential function so as to compensate for the influence of the CGE, which gives acceptable model errors and improves the CO2 flux estimation by 5\% for temperate mountainous grasslands. We conclude that exponential regression models should be favoured over linear models and recommend to account for the effects of CGE by either excluding ambiguous observations from the flux computations where stationary points can be identified in the CO2 mixing ratio time series, or by adding a linearly increasing term to the exponential regression model.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Carbon dioxide,Chamber measurement,Net ecosystem exchange},
  note = {\url{https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168192318302880}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/YGFECUSJ/Zhao et al. - 2018 - On the calculation of daytime CO2 fluxes measured .pdf;/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/JUDJL94Y/S0168192318302880.html}
}

@article{zimovPleistoceneParkReturn2005,
  title = {Pleistocene {{Park}}: {{Return}} of the {{Mammoth}}'s {{Ecosystem}}},
  shorttitle = {Pleistocene {{Park}}},
  author = {Zimov, Sergey A.},
  year = {2005},
  month = may,
  journal = {Science},
  volume = {308},
  number = {5723},
  pages = {796--798},
  publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1113442},
  urldate = {2022-10-14},
  note = {\url{https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1113442}},
  file = {/home/jga051/Zotero/storage/KYEWF9UM/Zimov - 2005 - Pleistocene Park Return of the Mammoth's Ecosyste.pdf}
}

@techreport{zotero-749,
  type = {Techreport}
}

@techreport{zotero-750,
  type = {Techreport}
}

@misc{ZoteroConnectors,
  title = {Zotero {\textbar} {{Connectors}}},
  urldate = {2023-10-10},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.zotero.org/download/connectors}}
}

@misc{ZoteroConnectorsa,
  title = {Zotero {\textbar} {{Connectors}}},
  urldate = {2023-10-10},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.zotero.org/download/connectors}}
}
