
@article{biber_fuzzy_2021,
	title = {A fuzzy logic-based approach for evaluating forest ecosystem service provision and biodiversity applied to a case study landscape in {Southern} {Germany}},
	volume = {140},
	issn = {1612-4677},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-021-01418-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10342-021-01418-4},
	abstract = {In the field of assessing forest ecosystem service provision and biodiversity, there seems to be a gap between an existing large body of valuable expert knowledge and its application. We propose fuzzy logic evaluation systems as a contribution to closing that gap. With this method-focused pilot study, we explored the potential of fuzzy logic for assessing the provision of different ecosystem services in a simulation case study, covering a large forest landscape in Southern Germany. Based on expert knowledge and available literature, we designed a fuzzy logic evaluation system for biodiversity, and the ecosystem services balanced wood production, storm and bark beetle damage resistance, and recreation value. This evaluation system was applied to 100-year simulation outcomes for three contrasting forest management scenarios in the landscape of interest. While the results of the case study in general support the idea of a multifunctional forest management, fuzzy logic turned out pronouncedly useful as a method. This is due to its potential to make otherwise unused expert knowledge applicable and transparent in a formal evaluation process. Based on our results, we discuss the approach related to its potential for interdisciplinary integration of knowledge, for revealing tradeoffs and synergies, and participative planning processes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-11-30},
	journal = {European Journal of Forest Research},
	author = {Biber, Peter and Schwaiger, Fabian and Poschenrieder, Werner and Pretzsch, Hans},
	month = dec,
	year = {2021},
	keywords = {Ecosystem service assessment, Fuzzy logic, Simulation, Sustainable forestry},
	pages = {1559--1586},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/peter/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/3I6HS55N/Biber et al. - 2021 - A fuzzy logic-based approach for evaluating forest ecosystem service provision and biodiversity appl.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{biber_forest_2020,
	title = {Forest {Biodiversity}, {Carbon} {Sequestration}, and {Wood} {Production}: {Modeling} {Synergies} and {Trade}-{Offs} for {Ten} {Forest} {Landscapes} {Across} {Europe}},
	volume = {8},
	issn = {2296-701X},
	shorttitle = {Forest {Biodiversity}, {Carbon} {Sequestration}, and {Wood} {Production}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2020.547696/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fevo.2020.547696},
	abstract = {{\textless}p{\textgreater}Europe's forests provide vital habitat for biodiversity and essential ecosystem services whose provision must be sustained or enhanced over the coming century. However, the potential to secure or increase forest ecosystem services, while securing the habitat requirements of taxa remains unclear, especially within the context of uncertain climate and socio-economic developments. To tease out the associated trade-offs and synergies, we used 10 case study landscapes within nine countries throughout Europe. Starting with the current status of the forests in the case study landscapes, we simulated forest development 100 years into the future. Simulations were embedded in three combined climate and socio-economic frame scenarios based on global and European policies which varied in their climate change mitigation efficiency. Scenarios were translated into country specific projections of climate variables, and resultant demands for wood products. Forest management regimes were projected to vary in response to these scenarios at local scales. The specific combinations of alternative forest management practices were based on parallel research and input from local forest stakeholders. For each case study, a specific forest growth simulator was used. In general, the climate scenarios applied did not cause fundamentally different ecosystem service outputs at the case study level. Our results revealed almost no reduction in outcomes for biodiversity indicators with an increase in wood production, and in some cases synergistic results occurred when diversity was actively promoted as part of the management concept. Net carbon uptake was not strongly correlated with biodiversity, indicating that biodiversity-friendly forest management doesn't need to curtail carbon sequestration. Notably, we obtained heterogeneous results for the relation between sustainable wood production and net carbon uptake. Most scenarios resulted in a more or less reduced net carbon uptake over the long term, often due to stand age class distribution shifts. Levels of sustainable wood production varied widely during the simulation period, from significant increases (Sweden, Lithuania) to minor changes (Slovakia, Turkey) and slight decreases (Ireland, Netherlands). We place our results within the larger context of European forest policy and the challenges of simulating and contrasting forest biodiversity and the ecosystem services that societies depend on.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2024-11-30},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution},
	author = {Biber, Peter and Felton, Adam and Nieuwenhuis, Maarten and Lindbladh, Matts and Black, Kevin and Bahýl', Ján and Bingöl, Özkan and Borges, José G. and Botequim, Brigite and Brukas, Vilis and Bugalho, Miguel N. and Corradini, Giulia and Eriksson, Ljusk Ola and Forsell, Nicklas and Hengeveld, Geerten M. and Hoogstra-Klein, Marjanke A. and Kadıoǧulları, Ali İhsan and Karahalil, Uzay and Lodin, Isak and Lundholm, Anders and Makrickienė, Ekaterina and Masiero, Mauro and Mozgeris, Gintautas and Pivoriūnas, Nerijus and Poschenrieder, Werner and Pretzsch, Hans and Sedmák, Róbert and Tuček, Ján},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
	keywords = {Biodiversity, Carbon Sequestration, ecosystem services, Europe, forest management, simulation, sustainability, wood production},
	file = {Full Text PDF:/home/peter/snap/zotero-snap/common/Zotero/storage/PFXSC53H/Biber et al. - 2020 - Forest Biodiversity, Carbon Sequestration, and Wood Production Modeling Synergies and Trade-Offs fo.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{hilfstafeln_bavaria_2018,
  title = {Hilfstafeln für die Forsteinrichtung},
  author = {BayMinELF},
  year = {2018},
  language = {de},
  publisher = {Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Ernährung Landwirtschaft und Forsten},
  pages = {352}
}

@article{pretzsch_single_2002,
	series = {National and {Regional} {Climate} {Change} {Impact} {Assessments} in the {Forestry} {Sector}},
	title = {The single tree-based stand simulator {SILVA}: construction, application and evaluation},
	volume = {162},
	issn = {0378-1127},
	shorttitle = {The single tree-based stand simulator {SILVA}},
	doi = {10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00047-6},
	abstract = {Single tree forest growth simulators have proven to be very flexible tools for predicting forest growth. They are commonly applied in the United States but they are rarely used in European forest management yet. One of the few exceptions is the simulator SILVA, which is presented in this paper. The underlying equations of this simulator are developed from a set of more than 155,000 tree observations, including the species Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.). These basic model equations are presented together with respective parameter values, derived from the aforesaid data set. The benefits of SILVA for forest practice, research, and education are demonstrated with three exemplary applications. Evaluation in terms of biological plausibility, validation, and practical use of the implemented software is presented, which shows that: (1) biological principles could be represented without explicitly being implemented, and (2) the simulation results are very close to independent observations as far as the range of parameterized site conditions is not exceeded. Furthermore, possible implications of changing conditions or an application of the model across a wider geographical range are discussed with special reference to the ongoing process of parameterization.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Pretzsch, H. and Biber, P. and Dursky, J.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2002},
	keywords = {Growth and yield, Implementation, Model application, Model evaluation, Single tree-based modeling, Stand growth simulator, Validation},
	pages = {3--21}
}

@article{pretzsch_re-evaluation_2005,
	title = {A {Re}-{Evaluation} of {Reineke}'s {Rule} and {Stand} {Density} {Index}},
	volume = {51},
	abstract = {The self-thinning rule established by Reineke in 1933, N α d
−1.605 (N, d = number of stems and quadratic mean diameter, respectively) assumes the same allometric relationship between size and density for a wide spectrum of species
under self-thinning conditions. We re-evaluate this rule based on 28 fully stocked pure stands of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and common oak (Quercus petraea [Mattuschka] Liebl.) in
Germany that date back to the year 1870. OLS regression of the model ln(N) = a + b · ln(d) results in b values of −1.789 for common beech, −1.664 for Norway spruce, −1.593 for Scots pine, and −1.424 for common oak.
The allometric coefficient for common beech differs significantly from the other species. There is also a significant difference between the b values of Norway spruce and common oak. Except for Scots pine, the above allometric coefficients deviate significantly (common beech) and close-to-significantly
(Norway spruce, common oak) from the coefficient −1.605 postulated by Reineke in 1933. To cover the species–specific oscillation of mortality rates, we additionally calculate the self-thinning coefficient for each survey period. Ecological implications of the species-specific scaling
exponents are stressed and consequences regarding tools for regulating stand density are discussed. FOR. SCI. 51(4):304–320.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Forest Science},
	author = {Pretzsch, Hans and Biber, Peter},
	month = aug,
	year = {2005},
	keywords = {Allometry, environmental management, Fagus sylvatica L, forest, forest management, forest resources, forestry, forestry research, forestry science, natural resource management, natural resources, Picea abies (L.) Karst, Pinus sylvestris L, Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl, self-thinning, self-tolerance, space sequestration},
	pages = {304--320},
	file = {IngentaConnect Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Biber\\Zotero\\storage\\2BT2AW7N\\Pretzsch und Biber - 2005 - A Re-Evaluation of Reineke's Rule and Stand Densit.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{pretzsch_forest_2009,
	address = {Berlin},
	edition = {2010},
	title = {Forest {Dynamics}, {Growth} and {Yield}: {From} {Measurement} to {Model}},
	isbn = {978-3-540-88306-7},
	shorttitle = {Forest {Dynamics}, {Growth} and {Yield}},
	abstract = {The aim of this book is to improve the understanding of forest dynamics and the sustainable management of forest ecosystems. How do tree crowns, trees or entire forest stands respond to thinning in the long term? What effect do tree species mixtures and multi-layering have on the productivity and stability of trees, stands or forest enterprises? How do tree and stand growth respond to stress factors such as climate change or air pollution? Furthermore, in the event that one has acquired knowledge about the effects of thinning, mixture and stress, how can one make that knowledge applicable to decision-making in forestry practice? The experimental designs, analytical methods, general relationships and models for answering questions of this kind are the focus of this book. Given the structures dealt with, which range from plant organs to the tree, stand and enterprise levels, and the processes analysed in a time frame of days or months to decades or even centuries, this book is directed at all readers interested in trees, forest stands and forest ecosystems. This work has been compiled for students, scientists, lecturers, forest planners, forest managers, and consultants.},
	language = {Englisch},
	publisher = {Springer},
	author = {Pretzsch, Hans},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009}
}

@article{pretzsch_forest_2014,
	title = {Forest stand growth dynamics in {Central} {Europe} have accelerated since 1870},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4175583/},
	doi = {10.1038/ncomms5967},
	abstract = {Forest ecosystems have been exposed to climate change for more than 100 years, whereas the consequences on forest growth remain elusive. Based on the oldest existing experimental forest plots in Central Europe, we show that, currently, the dominant tree species Norway spruce and European beech exhibit significantly faster tree growth (+32 to 77\%), stand volume growth (+10 to 30\%) and standing stock accumulation (+6 to 7\%) than in 1960. Stands still follow similar general allometric rules, but proceed more rapidly through usual trajectories. As forest stands develop faster, tree numbers are currently 17–20\% lower than in past same-aged stands. Self-thinning lines remain constant, while growth rates increase indicating the stock of resources have not changed, while growth velocity and turnover have altered. Statistical analyses of the experimental plots, and application of an ecophysiological model, suggest that mainly the rise in temperature and extended growing seasons contribute to increased growth acceleration, particularly on fertile sites.,
The growth dynamics of forest ecosystems undergoing climatic change are not well understood. Here Pretzsch et al. show that two of the dominant tree species of Central Europe have undergone significantly accelerated growth dynamics during the past century.},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Pretzsch, Hans and Biber, Peter and Schütze, Gerhard and Uhl, Enno and Rötzer, Thomas},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {25216297},
	pmcid = {PMC4175583},
	file = {PubMed Central Full Text PDF:C\:\\Users\\Biber\\Zotero\\storage\\VNGWE3B5\\Pretzsch et al. - 2014 - Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe hav.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{pretzsch_forest_2023,
	title = {Forest growth in {Europe} shows diverging large regional trends},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41077-6},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-41077-6},
	abstract = {Forests cover about one-third of Europe’s surface and their growth is essential for climate protection through carbon sequestration and many other economic, environmental, and sociocultural ecosystem services. However, reports on how climate change affects forest growth are contradictory, even for same regions. We used 415 unique long-term experiments including 642 plots across Europe covering seven tree species and surveys from 1878 to 2016, and showed that on average forest growth strongly accelerated since the earliest surveys. Based on a subset of 189 plots in Scots pine (the most widespread tree species in Europe) and high-resolution climate data, we identified clear large-regional differences; growth is strongly increasing in Northern Europe and decreasing in the Southwest. A less pronounced increase, which is probably not mainly driven by climate, prevails on large areas of Western, Central and Eastern Europe. The identified regional growth trends suggest adaptive management on regional level for achieving climate-smart forests.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	author = {Pretzsch, Hans and del Río, Miren and Arcangeli, Catia and Bielak, Kamil and Dudzinska, Malgorzata and Forrester, David Ian and Klädtke, Joachim and Kohnle, Ulrich and Ledermann, Thomas and Matthews, Robert and Nagel, Jürgen and Nagel, Ralf and Ningre, François and Nord-Larsen, Thomas and Biber, Peter},
	month = sep,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {15373},
}

@article{reineke_perfecting_1933,
	title = {{PERFECTING} {A} {STAND}-{DENSITY} {INDEX} {FOR} {EVEN}- {AGED} {FORESTS}'},
	language = {en},
	author = {Reineke, L H},
	year = {1933},
	pages = {12},
	journal = {Journal of Agricultural Research},
	file = {Reineke - 1933 - PERFECTING A STAND-DENSITY INDEX FOR EVEN- AGED FO.pdf:C\:\\Users\\Biber\\Zotero\\storage\\H47XL85R\\Reineke - 1933 - PERFECTING A STAND-DENSITY INDEX FOR EVEN- AGED FO.pdf:application/pdf}
}

@book{bwi3_methods_2017,
  title = {Die dritte Bundeswaldinventur (BWI 2012). Inventur- und Auswertungsmethoden},
  language = {de},
  year = {2017},
  publisher = {Thuenen Institut fuer Waldoekosysteme},
  author = {Riedel, T. and Hennig, P. and Kroiher, F. and Polley, H. and Schmitz, F. and Schwitzgebel F.},
  pages = {124}
}

@article{sloboda_et_al_1993,
  title = {Regionale und lokale Systeme von Hoehenkurven gleichartiger Waldbestaende},
  language = {de},
  year = {1993},
  author = {Sloboda, B. and Gaffrey, D. and Matsamura, N.},
  journal = {Allgmeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung},
  volume = {164},
  number = {12},
  pages = {225--228}
}

@book{franz_gri_methods_1973,
  title = {Bayerische Waldinventur 1970/71, Inventurabschnitt I:
           Großrauminventur Aufnahme- und Auswertungsverfahren},
  author = {Franz, F. and Bachler, B. and Deckelmann, E. and Kennel, R. and
            Schmidt, A. and Wotschikowski, U.},
  language = {de},
  year = {1973},
  publisher = {Forstwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität München und
               Bayerische Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt},
  pages = {143},
  series = {Forstliche Forschungsberichte München},
  volume = {11}
}

@article{pretzsch2015crown,
  title={Crown size and growing space requirement of common tree species in urban centres, parks, and forests},
  author={Pretzsch, Hans and Biber, Peter and Uhl, Enno and Dahlhausen, Jens and R{\"o}tzer, Thomas and Caldentey, Juan and Koike, Takayoshi and Van Con, Tran and Chavanne, Aur{\'e}lia and Seifert, Thomas and others},
  journal={Urban Forestry \& Urban Greening},
  volume={14},
  number={3},
  pages={466--479},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}


@book{kennel_r_beech_bavaria_1972,
  title = {Die Buchendurchforstungsversuche in Bayern von 1870 bis 1970. Mit dem
           Modell einer Strukturertragstafel für die Buche},
  author = {Kennel, R.},
  year = {1972},
  language = {de},
  publisher = {Forstwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität München und
               Bayerische Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt},
  pages = {264},
  series = {Forstliche Forschungsberichte München},
  volume = {7}
}


@book{hilfstafeln_bavaria_1990,
  title = {Hilfstafeln für die Forsteinrichtung. Zusammengestellt für den
           Gebrauch in der Bayerischen Staatsforstverwaltung},
  author = {BayMinELF},
  year = {1990},
  language = {de},
  publisher = {Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Ernährung Landwirtschaft und Forsten},
  pages = {334}
}


@book{hilfstafeln_bavaria_2018,
  title = {Hilfstafeln für die Forsteinrichtung},
  author = {BayMinELF},
  year = {2018},
  language = {de},
  publisher = {Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Ernährung Landwirtschaft und Forsten},
  pages = {352}
}


@book{ertragstafeln_schober_1975,
  title = {Ertragstafeln wichtiger Baumarten bei verschiedener Durchforstung},
  author = {Schober, R.},
  year = {1975},
  language = {de},
  publisher = {J. D. Sauerländer's Verlag, Frankfurt a. M.},
  pages = {154}
}


@book{shannon_1948,
  title = {The Mathematical Theory of Communication},
  author = {Shannon, CE and Weaver, W},
  year = {1948},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {University of Illinois Press}
}


@book{wickham_h_advancedr_2nd_ed_2019,
  title = {Advanced R},
  author = {Wickham, H.},
  year = {2019},
  language = {en},
  url = {https://adv-r.hadley.nz/},
}


@book{wiedemann_e_fichte_1942,
  title = {Die Fichte},
  author = {Wiedemann, E.},
  year = {1942},
  language = {de},
  publisher = {Verlag M & H Schaper, Hannover},
  pages = {248}
}




