# Areal Weighted Interpolation

#### Christopher Prener, Ph.D.

#### 2022-05-30

Areal weighted interpolation is a technique for estimating the values for overlapping but incongruent polygon features. This article describes the `areal` package’s approach to areal weighted interpolation. After providing a quick introduction to the technique, the options for `aw_interpolate()` are discussed and an example of interpolating data using the manual workflow is provided.

## Introduction to Areal Weighted Interpolation

Areal weighted interpolation is the simplest approach to estimating population values for overlapping polygons. It makes a significant and important assumption - that individuals are spread out evenly within the source features. This assumption quickly breaks down in the real world - areas that have commercial developments mixed in with residential housing, for example, or neighborhoods with a large city park. We do not always have access to this type of contextual data, however, and so areal weighted interpolation remains a popular choice.

Areal weighted interpolation is a multi-step process. The `areal` package contains a number of example data sets that can be used to illustrate this process:

    library(areal)

    # load data into enviornment
    race <- ar_stl_race                 # census tract population estimates
    asthma <- ar_stl_asthma             # census tract asthma rate estimates
    wards <- ar_stl_wards               # political boundaries
    wardsClipped <- ar_stl_wardsClipped # political boundaries clipped to river

The boundaries for the `race` and `asthma` the data are the same - census tracts. When mapped, this is what the census tract and ward features look like:

### Step 1: Intersection

The first step with areal weighted interpolation is to intersect the data. Imagine one shapefile (we’ll call this the “target”) acting as a cookie cutter - subdividing the features of the other (which we’ll call the “source”) based on areas of overlap such that only those overlapping areas remain (this is important - if these shapefiles do not cover identical areas, those areas only covered by one shapefile will be lost). The number of new features created is entirely dependent on the shapes of the features in the source and target data sets:

    # print number of features in source
    nrow(race)
    #> [1] 106

    # print number of features in target
    nrow(wards)
    #> [1] 28

    # create intersect for example purposes
    nrow(suppressWarnings(sf::st_intersection(race, wards)))
    #> [1] 286

By intersecting these two data sets, we get a new data set with n = 287 features. The resulting `sf` object looks like so:

One by-product of the intersection process is that each intersected feature takes on the attributes of both the source and target data. The population value of interest from each source feature (for example, total population per tract or `TOTAL_E`), therefore exists as an attribute for each intersected feature. The identification numbers from both the source (`GEOID`) and the target data (`WARD`) are also applied:

First Four Rows of Intersected Data
GEOID | TOTAL_E | WARD
--- | --- | ---
29510101100 | 2510 | 11
29510101100 | 2510 | 12
29510101200 | 3545 | 12
29510101200 | 3545 | 13

### Step 2: Areal Weights

We then calculate an areal weight for each intersected feature. Let:

- \({W}_{i} = \textrm{areal weight for intersected feature i}\)
- \({A}_{i} = \textrm{area of intersected feature i}\)
- \({A}_{j} = \textrm{total area of source feature j}\)

\[ {W}_{i} = \frac { {A}_{i} }{ {A}_{j} } \]

Since \({A}_{j}\) is calculated using the source identification number, the first two observations from table above with the first four rows of intersected data would have the same value for \({A}_{j}\), and the second two observations would also share the same \({A}_{j}\). The resulting values for \({W}_{i}\) would therefore be:

First Four Rows of Intersected Data
GEOID | TOTAL_E | WARD | Ai | Aj | Wi
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
29510101100 | 2510 | 11 | 355702.9 | 1257034 | 0.282970
29510101100 | 2510 | 12 | 901331.1 | 1257034 | 0.717030
29510101200 | 3545 | 12 | 875554.7 | 1084167 | 0.807583
29510101200 | 3545 | 13 | 208612.1 | 1084167 | 0.192417

### Step 3: Estimate Population

Next, we need to estimate the share of the population value that occupies the intersected feature. Let:

- \({E}_{i} = \textrm{estimated value for intersected feature } i\)
- \({W}_{i} = \textrm{areal weight for intersected feature } i\)
- \({V}_{j} = \textrm{population value for source feature } j\)

\[ {E}_{i} = {V}_{j}*{W}_{i} \]

Using our sample data, we therefore multiply the value (`TOTAL_E`) by the weight (`Wi`) to produce our `EST` estimate column:

First Four Rows of Intersected Data
GEOID | TOTAL_E | WARD | Ai | Aj | Wi | EST
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
29510101100 | 2510 | 11 | 355702.9 | 1257034 | 0.282970 | 710.2547
29510101100 | 2510 | 12 | 901331.1 | 1257034 | 0.717030 | 1799.7450
29510101200 | 3545 | 12 | 875554.7 | 1084167 | 0.807583 | 2862.8820
29510101200 | 3545 | 13 | 208612.1 | 1084167 | 0.192417 | 682.1182

### Step 4: Summarize Data

Finally, we summarize the data based on the target identification number. Let:

- \({G}_{k} = \textrm{sum of all estimated values for target feature } k\)
- \({E}_{ik} = \textrm{estimated values from intersected features in } i \textrm{ within target feature } k\)

\[ {G}_{k} = \sum{{E}_{ik}} \]

With our hypothetical data, the resulting table would therefore look like:

Resulting Target Data
WARD | EST
--- | ---
11 | 710.2547
12 | 4662.6270
13 | 682.1182

This process is repeated for each of the n = 287 observations in the intersected data - areal weights are calculated, and the product of the areal weight the source value is summed based on the target identification number.

## Extensive and Intensive Interpolations

### Extensive Interpolations

The example above is a spatially extensive interpolation because it involves count data. In `areal`, these estimates are obtained using the `aw_interpolate()` function:

    aw_interpolate(wards, tid = WARD, source = race, sid = GEOID,
                   weight = "sum", output = "tibble", extensive = "TOTAL_E")
    #> # A tibble: 28 × 4
    #>    OBJECTID  WARD       AREA TOTAL_E
    #>       <dbl> <int>      <dbl>   <dbl>
    #>  1        1     1  46138761.   7959.
    #>  2        2     2 267817711.  12111.
    #>  3        3     3  66291644.   7357.
    #>  4        4     4  53210707.   8458.
    #>  5        5     5  60462396.   8808.
    #>  6        6     6  64337271.  14053.
    #>  7        7     7 101268146.  15842.
    #>  8        8     8  45966410.  12189.
    #>  9        9     9  73993891.  14218.
    #> 10       10    10  62915358.  11239.
    #> # … with 18 more rows

For spatially extensive interpolations, a list of variable names should be supplied for the argument `extensive`. This can be a single variable name, such as in the example above, or a vector of variable names:

    aw_interpolate(wards, tid = WARD, source = race, sid = GEOID,
                   weight = "sum", output = "tibble",
                   extensive = c("TOTAL_E", "WHITE_E", "BLACK_E"))
    #> # A tibble: 28 × 6
    #>    OBJECTID  WARD       AREA BLACK_E TOTAL_E WHITE_E
    #>       <dbl> <int>      <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>
    #>  1        1     1  46138761.   7748.   7959.    152.
    #>  2        2     2 267817711.  10612.  12111.   1315.
    #>  3        3     3  66291644.   6644.   7357.    594.
    #>  4        4     4  53210707.   8203.   8458.    160.
    #>  5        5     5  60462396.   7075.   8808.   1532.
    #>  6        6     6  64337271.   7441.  14053.   5840.
    #>  7        7     7 101268146.   6630.  15842.   8219.
    #>  8        8     8  45966410.   3797.  12189.   7605.
    #>  9        9     9  73993891.   6413.  14218.   6839.
    #> 10       10    10  62915358.   1666.  11239.   8703.
    #> # … with 18 more rows

This ability is a key feature of `areal` - iteration is built into the package by default, eliminating the need for repeated table joins after interpolations are calculated.

### Calculating Weights for Extensive Interpolations

The `aw_interpolate` function also uses an argument `weight`. There are two options, `"sum"` and `"total"`. Each makes a different assumption about the nature of the data and the relationship between the `source` and `target` features. For perfectly overlapping data, the distinction between these two options should not matter. In practice, however, there are often deviations in our data even between features that should be perfectly congruous.

The `"sum"` approach to calculating weights assumes that 100% of the source data should be divided among the target features. When \({A}_{j}\) is calculated (see previous section), it is done by taking the sum of the areas for all intersected features (\(i\)) within a given source feature (\(j\)). Let:

- \({A}_{j} = \textrm{total area of source feature j}\)
- \({A}_{ij} = \textrm{areas for intersected features in } i \textrm{ within source feature } j\)

\[ {A}_{j} = \sum{{A}_{ij}} \]

On the other hand, the `"total"` approach to calculating weights assumes that, if a source feature is only covered by 99.88% of the target features, only 99.88% of the source target’s data should be allocated to target features in the interpolation. When \({A}_{j}\) is created, the actual area of source feature \(j\) is used.

#### Weights Example 1: Non-Overlap Due to Data Quality

In the example above, `race` and `wards` are products of two different agencies. The `aw_stl_wards` data is a product of the City of the St. Louis and is quite close to fully overlapping with the U.S. Census Bureau’s TIGER boundaries for the city. However, there are a number of very small deviations at the edges where the ward boundaries are smaller than the tracts (but only just so). These deviations result in small portions of census tracts not fitting into any ward.

We can see this in the weights that are used by `aw_interpolate()`. The `aw_preview_weights()` function can be used to return a preview of these areal weights.

    aw_preview_weights(wards, tid = WARD, source = race, sid = GEOID,
                       type = "extensive")
    #> # A tibble: 106 × 3
    #>    GEOID       extensiveSum extensiveTotal
    #>    <chr>              <dbl>          <dbl>
    #>  1 29510101100            1          0.999
    #>  2 29510101200            1          1.00
    #>  3 29510101300            1          1.00
    #>  4 29510101400            1          1.00
    #>  5 29510101500            1          0.998
    #>  6 29510101800            1          0.978
    #>  7 29510102100            1          0.991
    #>  8 29510102200            1          0.999
    #>  9 29510102300            1          0.999
    #> 10 29510102400            1          1.00
    #> # … with 96 more rows

The first tract listed above has a total estimated population of 2510. The practical impact of the weights is that only 2507.072085 individuals will be allocated to wards if the `"total"` approach to calculating areal weights is used. If `"sum"` is used, on the other hand, all 2510 individuals would be allocated to wards. In this scenario, the `"sum"` approach makes more sense because, while the race and ward data do not overlap in practice, they should overlap since no tracts extend out of the city’s boundaries. We therefore want to ensure that all individuals within each tract are allocated out to wards.

With spatially extensive interpolations that utilize the `"sum"` approach, the sum of the interpolated column should equal the sum of the original source data’s column that was interpolated. This can be verified with `aw_verify()`:

    result <- aw_interpolate(wards, tid = WARD, source = race, sid = GEOID,
                   weight = "sum", output = "tibble", extensive = "TOTAL_E")

    aw_verify(source = race, sourceValue = TOTAL_E,
              result = result, resultValue = TOTAL_E)
    #> [1] TRUE

This check does not work with the `"total"` approach to areal weights:

    result <- aw_interpolate(wards, tid = WARD, source = race, sid = GEOID,
                   weight = "total", output = "tibble", extensive = "TOTAL_E")

    aw_verify(source = race, sourceValue = TOTAL_E,
              result = result, resultValue = TOTAL_E)
    #> [1] FALSE

#### Weights Example 2: Non-Overlap Due to Differing Boundaries

We can use the `aw_stl_wardsClipped` data to illustrate a more extreme disparity between source and target data. The `aw_stl_wardsClipped` data have been modified so that the ward boundaries do not extend past the Mississippi River shoreline, which runs along the entire eastern boundary of the city. When we overlay them on the city’s census tracts, all of the census tracts on the eastern side of the city extend outwards.

The difference in weights in this example is more extreme:

    aw_preview_weights(wardsClipped, tid = WARD, source = race, sid = GEOID,
                       type = "extensive")
    #> # A tibble: 106 × 3
    #>    GEOID       extensiveSum extensiveTotal
    #>    <chr>              <dbl>          <dbl>
    #>  1 29510101100            1          0.999
    #>  2 29510101200            1          1.00
    #>  3 29510101300            1          1.00
    #>  4 29510101400            1          1.00
    #>  5 29510101500            1          0.998
    #>  6 29510101800            1          0.722
    #>  7 29510102100            1          0.991
    #>  8 29510102200            1          0.999
    #>  9 29510102300            1          0.999
    #> 10 29510102400            1          1.00
    #> # … with 96 more rows

Only 72.31% of tract `29510101800`, for example, falls within a ward. In many American cities that lie within larger counties, tract boundaries do not stop at the municipal boundaries in a way that is similar to the difference between tracts and the clipped wards here. In this scenario, we do not want to allocate every individual into our city of interest and the `"total"` approach to weights is appropriate. Not using `"total"` would result in an over-count of individuals in our city.

If, on the other hand, we believe that all of the individuals should be allocated into wards, using `"total"` in this case would result in a severe under-count of individuals.

### Intensive Interpolations

Spatially intensive operations are used when the data to be interpolated are, for example, a percentage or density value. An example of these data can be found in `ar_stl_asthma`, which contains asthma rates for each census tract in the city. The interpolation process is very similar to the spatially extensive workflow, except with how the areal weight is calculated. Instead of using the source data’s area for reference, the target data is used in the denominator. Let:

- \({W}_{i} = \textrm{areal weight for intersected feature i}\)
- \({A}_{i} = \textrm{area of intersected feature i}\)
- \({A}_{ik} = \textrm{areas for intersected features in } i \textrm{ within target feature } k\)

\[ {W}_{i} = \frac { {A}_{i} }{ \sum{{A}_{ik}} } \]

Like spatially extensive interpolations that use the `"sum"` approach, the weights for intensive interpolations should always be equal to 1 as well.

    aw_preview_weights(wards, tid = WARD, source = asthma, sid = GEOID,
                       type = "intensive")
    #> # A tibble: 28 × 2
    #>     WARD intensive
    #>    <int>     <dbl>
    #>  1     1         1
    #>  2     2         1
    #>  3     3         1
    #>  4     4         1
    #>  5     5         1
    #>  6     6         1
    #>  7     7         1
    #>  8     8         1
    #>  9     9         1
    #> 10    10         1
    #> # … with 18 more rows

We can calculate the intensive interpolation by specifying a variable name for the `intensive` argument in `aw_interpolate()` and omitting the `extensive` argument:

    aw_interpolate(wards, tid = WARD, source = asthma, sid = GEOID,
                   weight = "sum", output = "tibble", intensive = "ASTHMA")
    #> # A tibble: 28 × 4
    #>    OBJECTID  WARD       AREA ASTHMA
    #>       <dbl> <int>      <dbl>  <dbl>
    #>  1        1     1  46138761.  13.4
    #>  2        2     2 267817711.  13.2
    #>  3        3     3  66291644.  14.1
    #>  4        4     4  53210707.  13.6
    #>  5        5     5  60462396.  13.8
    #>  6        6     6  64337271.  11.7
    #>  7        7     7 101268146.   9.72
    #>  8        8     8  45966410.   9.82
    #>  9        9     9  73993891.  11.8
    #> 10       10    10  62915358.   9.44
    #> # … with 18 more rows

This gives us an estimate of the asthma rates at the ward level.

### Mixed Interpolations

`areal` also provides support for “mixed” interpolations where both spatially extensive and intensive interpolations need to be calculated. We specify a variable name or a vector of variable names for both the `intensive` and `extensive` arguments:

    # remove sf geometry
    st_geometry(race) <- NULL

    # create combined data
    race %>%
      select(GEOID, TOTAL_E, WHITE_E, BLACK_E) %>%
      left_join(asthma, ., by = "GEOID") -> combinedData

    # interpolate
    aw_interpolate(wards, tid = WARD, source = combinedData, sid = GEOID,
                   weight = "sum", output = "tibble", intensive = "ASTHMA",
                   extensive = c("TOTAL_E", "WHITE_E", "BLACK_E"))
    #> # A tibble: 28 × 7
    #>    OBJECTID  WARD       AREA BLACK_E TOTAL_E WHITE_E ASTHMA
    #>       <dbl> <int>      <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>   <dbl>  <dbl>
    #>  1        1     1  46138761.   7748.   7959.    152.  13.4
    #>  2        2     2 267817711.  10612.  12111.   1315.  13.2
    #>  3        3     3  66291644.   6644.   7357.    594.  14.1
    #>  4        4     4  53210707.   8203.   8458.    160.  13.6
    #>  5        5     5  60462396.   7075.   8808.   1532.  13.8
    #>  6        6     6  64337271.   7441.  14053.   5840.  11.7
    #>  7        7     7 101268146.   6630.  15842.   8219.   9.72
    #>  8        8     8  45966410.   3797.  12189.   7605.   9.82
    #>  9        9     9  73993891.   6413.  14218.   6839.  11.8
    #> 10       10    10  62915358.   1666.  11239.   8703.   9.44
    #> # … with 18 more rows

Users should take care to consider the implications of interpolating multiple values, such as total population and the number of African American residents (both extensive), and then calculating a spatially intensive variable from them such as percent African American. Doing so in multiple steps, and thereby treating extensive and intensive values as independent, may result in estimates that differ from a single step process where the percent of African American residents is interpoltated directly.

    # re-load data
    race <- ar_stl_race

    # create combined data
    race %>%
      select(GEOID, WHITE_E, BLACK_E) %>%
      mutate(
        TOTAL = WHITE_E+BLACK_E,
        WHITE_PCT = WHITE_E/TOTAL,
        BLACK_PCT = BLACK_E/TOTAL,
        TOTAL_PCT = WHITE_PCT+BLACK_PCT
      ) -> constrainedData

    # interpolate
    result2 <- aw_interpolate(ar_stl_wards, tid = WARD,
                   source = constrainedData, sid = GEOID,
                   weight = "sum", output = "tibble",
                   intensive = c("WHITE_PCT", "BLACK_PCT", "TOTAL_PCT"),
                   extensive = c("TOTAL", "WHITE_E", "BLACK_E"))

    # calculate new percentages
    result2 %>%
      mutate(
        WHITE_PCT_2 = WHITE_E/TOTAL,
        BLACK_PCT_2 = BLACK_E/TOTAL,
        TOTAL_PCT_2 = WHITE_PCT_2+BLACK_PCT_2
      ) -> result2

    # display
    result2 %>%
      select(WHITE_PCT, WHITE_PCT_2, BLACK_PCT, BLACK_PCT_2, TOTAL_PCT, TOTAL_PCT_2)
    #> # A tibble: 28 × 6
    #>    WHITE_PCT WHITE_PCT_2 BLACK_PCT BLACK_PCT_2 TOTAL_PCT TOTAL_PCT_2
    #>        <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>       <dbl>
    #>  1    0.0196      0.0192     0.980       0.981         1           1
    #>  2    0.178       0.110      0.822       0.890         1           1
    #>  3    0.104       0.0820     0.896       0.918         1           1
    #>  4    0.0252      0.0191     0.975       0.981         1           1
    #>  5    0.174       0.178      0.826       0.822         1           1
    #>  6    0.409       0.440      0.591       0.560         1           1
    #>  7    0.575       0.554      0.425       0.446         1           1
    #>  8    0.700       0.667      0.300       0.333         1           1
    #>  9    0.505       0.516      0.495       0.484         1           1
    #> 10    0.862       0.839      0.138       0.161         1           1
    #> # … with 18 more rows

Note that there are a number of points of departure between the data interpolated as intensive values (`WHITE_PCT`, `BLACK_PCT`) and those that were interpolated as count data (i.e. extensive values) and then converted to intensive variables (`WHITE_PCT_2` and `BLACK_PCT_2`).

## Output Options

All of the above examples have created a tibble for output, but `areal` also supports the creation of `sf` objects as well:

    aw_interpolate(wards, tid = WARD, source = asthma, sid = GEOID,
                   weight = "sum", output = "sf", intensive = "ASTHMA")
    #> Simple feature collection with 28 features and 4 fields
    #> Geometry type: POLYGON
    #> Dimension:     XY
    #> Bounding box:  xmin: 265638 ymin: 299436.3 xmax: 278974.9 ymax: 326430.3
    #> Projected CRS: NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Missouri_East_FIPS_2401
    #> First 10 features:
    #>    OBJECTID WARD      AREA    ASTHMA                       geometry
    #> 1         1    1  46138761 13.380329 POLYGON ((272762.8 317484.8...
    #> 2         2    2 267817711 13.160102 POLYGON ((275044.1 320169.6...
    #> 3         3    3  66291644 14.108101 POLYGON ((275469.4 315093.9...
    #> 4         4    4  53210707 13.613983 POLYGON ((272072.6 315153.2...
    #> 5         5    5  60462396 13.785285 POLYGON ((277328.1 312562.2...
    #> 6         6    6  64337271 11.747637 POLYGON ((274902.5 310971.6...
    #> 7         7    7 101268146  9.722827 POLYGON ((278014.2 310777.7...
    #> 8         8    8  45966410  9.823623 POLYGON ((272184.4 308794.1...
    #> 9         9    9  73993891 11.820618 POLYGON ((274931.9 307729.1...
    #> 10       10   10  62915358  9.439925 POLYGON ((269582.8 308190.9...

## Other Features of aw_interpolate

The `sf` option will include all of the variables that were included in the original target data. The `aw_interpolate()` function is pipe-able, allowing for existing tidyverse workflows to be integrated into the interpolation process. For example, if we wanted to remove the `OBJECTID` and `AREA` columns because they are not needed, this can be accomplished easily with `areal` and `dplyr`:

    wards %>%
      select(-OBJECTID, -AREA) %>%
      aw_interpolate(tid = WARD, source = asthma, sid = GEOID,
                     weight = "sum", output = "tibble", intensive = "ASTHMA")
    #> # A tibble: 28 × 2
    #>     WARD ASTHMA
    #>    <int>  <dbl>
    #>  1     1  13.4
    #>  2     2  13.2
    #>  3     3  14.1
    #>  4     4  13.6
    #>  5     5  13.8
    #>  6     6  11.7
    #>  7     7   9.72
    #>  8     8   9.82
    #>  9     9  11.8
    #> 10    10   9.44
    #> # … with 18 more rows

All of the `areal` functions that are exported support non-standard evaluation, meaning that inputs can be either unquoted as they are above or quoted:

    wards %>%
      select(-OBJECTID, -AREA) %>%
      aw_interpolate(tid = "WARD", source = asthma, sid = "GEOID",
                     weight = "sum", output = "tibble", intensive = "ASTHMA")
    #> # A tibble: 28 × 2
    #>     WARD ASTHMA
    #>    <int>  <dbl>
    #>  1     1  13.4
    #>  2     2  13.2
    #>  3     3  14.1
    #>  4     4  13.6
    #>  5     5  13.8
    #>  6     6  11.7
    #>  7     7   9.72
    #>  8     8   9.82
    #>  9     9  11.8
    #> 10    10   9.44
    #> # … with 18 more rows

This functionality is not available for the `intensive` and `extensive` arguments at this time.

## Manual Workflow

`areal` purposely exports the sub-functions that are called by `aw_interpolate()` so that the interpolation process is not a “black box” but rather can be recreated manually. This is envisioned as a diagnostic toolkit, with the final interpolations estimated using the simpler `aw_interpolate()` function once any issues have been identified and ameliorated

First, we’ll prepare the data but retaining only the columns we are interested in from the source data using the `select()` function from `dplyr`:

    race <- select(ar_stl_race, GEOID, TOTAL_E)
    wards <- select(wards, -OBJECTID, -AREA)

We want to be careful to retain both a column with a value to be interpolated (total population in this case, `TOTAL_E`) and a column with a unique identification number (`GEOID` in this case).

### Intersect Data

As we noted above, the interpolation process begins with calculating the intersection between the source and target data. We use the function `aw_intersect()` to accomplish this:

    wards %>%
      aw_intersect(source = race, areaVar = "area") -> intersect

    intersect
    #> Simple feature collection with 286 features and 4 fields
    #> Geometry type: GEOMETRY
    #> Dimension:     XY
    #> Bounding box:  xmin: 265638 ymin: 299509.9 xmax: 278973 ymax: 326430.3
    #> Projected CRS: NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Missouri_East_FIPS_2401
    #> First 10 features:
    #>            GEOID TOTAL_E WARD         area                       geometry
    #> 12   29510106500    2863    1 4.268099e+05 POLYGON ((270624.5 315101.4...
    #> 16   29510106700    3168    1 5.942485e+05 POLYGON ((270823.1 314161.8...
    #> 18   29510107500    1991    1 6.141786e+05 POLYGON ((272693.4 317603.1...
    #> 19   29510107600    1958    1 1.074142e+06 POLYGON ((271928.5 316159, ...
    #> 40   29510110100    2820    1 5.559584e+01 POLYGON ((272047.9 314802.1...
    #> 68   29510126900    4462    1 8.896824e+05 POLYGON ((271678.3 316891, ...
    #> 69   29510127000    1826    1 1.014709e+03 MULTIPOLYGON (((273486.1 31...
    #> 85   29510108100    3309    1 1.197780e+02 POLYGON ((272743.5 317521.7...
    #> 86   29510106400    1986    1 6.861954e+05 POLYGON ((271034.9 315851.6...
    #> 18.1 29510107500    1991    2 1.548859e+01 POLYGON ((272862.1 317334.3...

Note that `aw_intersect()` automatically calculates the area of the intersected feature.

### Calculate Total Area

Next, we want to apply the total area of our source features to our data using `aw_total()`. This will implement the correct areal weighting approach based on the `type` and `weight` arguments. We’ll use the `"sum"` approach to areal weights here:

    intersect %>%
      aw_total(source = race, id = GEOID, areaVar = "area", totalVar = "totalArea",
                 type = "extensive", weight = "sum") -> intersect

    intersect
    #> Simple feature collection with 286 features and 5 fields
    #> Geometry type: GEOMETRY
    #> Dimension:     XY
    #> Bounding box:  xmin: 265638 ymin: 299509.9 xmax: 278973 ymax: 326430.3
    #> Projected CRS: NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Missouri_East_FIPS_2401
    #> First 10 features:
    #>          GEOID TOTAL_E WARD         area  totalArea
    #> 1  29510106500    2863    1 4.268099e+05  1064032.5
    #> 2  29510106700    3168    1 5.942485e+05  1238338.0
    #> 3  29510107500    1991    1 6.141786e+05   911677.5
    #> 4  29510107600    1958    1 1.074142e+06  1168054.2
    #> 5  29510110100    2820    1 5.559584e+01   993793.8
    #> 6  29510126900    4462    1 8.896824e+05  4331867.8
    #> 7  29510127000    1826    1 1.014709e+03 14697280.1
    #> 8  29510108100    3309    1 1.197780e+02  3198604.2
    #> 9  29510106400    1986    1 6.861954e+05  1106392.9
    #> 10 29510107500    1991    2 1.548859e+01   911677.5
    #>                          geometry
    #> 1  POLYGON ((270624.5 315101.4...
    #> 2  POLYGON ((270823.1 314161.8...
    #> 3  POLYGON ((272693.4 317603.1...
    #> 4  POLYGON ((271928.5 316159, ...
    #> 5  POLYGON ((272047.9 314802.1...
    #> 6  POLYGON ((271678.3 316891, ...
    #> 7  MULTIPOLYGON (((273486.1 31...
    #> 8  POLYGON ((272743.5 317521.7...
    #> 9  POLYGON ((271034.9 315851.6...
    #> 10 POLYGON ((272862.1 317334.3...

Changing `type` to `"intensive"` would be necessary for spatially intensive interpolations. Likewise, changing `weight` to `"total"` is necessary if areas that lack overlap should not be allocated into the target features.

### Calculate Areal Weight

With the total weight in hand, we are ready to calculate the areal weight itself using `aw_weight()`.

    intersect %>%
      aw_weight(areaVar = "area", totalVar = "totalArea",
                areaWeight = "areaWeight") -> intersect

    intersect
    #> Simple feature collection with 286 features and 6 fields
    #> Geometry type: GEOMETRY
    #> Dimension:     XY
    #> Bounding box:  xmin: 265638 ymin: 299509.9 xmax: 278973 ymax: 326430.3
    #> Projected CRS: NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Missouri_East_FIPS_2401
    #> First 10 features:
    #>          GEOID TOTAL_E WARD         area  totalArea
    #> 1  29510106500    2863    1 4.268099e+05  1064032.5
    #> 2  29510106700    3168    1 5.942485e+05  1238338.0
    #> 3  29510107500    1991    1 6.141786e+05   911677.5
    #> 4  29510107600    1958    1 1.074142e+06  1168054.2
    #> 5  29510110100    2820    1 5.559584e+01   993793.8
    #> 6  29510126900    4462    1 8.896824e+05  4331867.8
    #> 7  29510127000    1826    1 1.014709e+03 14697280.1
    #> 8  29510108100    3309    1 1.197780e+02  3198604.2
    #> 9  29510106400    1986    1 6.861954e+05  1106392.9
    #> 10 29510107500    1991    2 1.548859e+01   911677.5
    #>                          geometry   areaWeight
    #> 1  POLYGON ((270624.5 315101.4... 4.011249e-01
    #> 2  POLYGON ((270823.1 314161.8... 4.798758e-01
    #> 3  POLYGON ((272693.4 317603.1... 6.736797e-01
    #> 4  POLYGON ((271928.5 316159, ... 9.195993e-01
    #> 5  POLYGON ((272047.9 314802.1... 5.594303e-05
    #> 6  POLYGON ((271678.3 316891, ... 2.053808e-01
    #> 7  MULTIPOLYGON (((273486.1 31... 6.904061e-05
    #> 8  POLYGON ((272743.5 317521.7... 3.744694e-05
    #> 9  POLYGON ((271034.9 315851.6... 6.202095e-01
    #> 10 POLYGON ((272862.1 317334.3... 1.698911e-05

### Calculate Estimated Population

We can then multiply the value (`TOTAL_E`) by the weight (`areaWeight`) to get a population estimate for each intersected feature using `aw_calculate()`:

    intersect %>%
      aw_calculate(value = TOTAL_E, areaWeight = "areaWeight") -> intersect

    intersect
    #> Simple feature collection with 286 features and 6 fields
    #> Geometry type: GEOMETRY
    #> Dimension:     XY
    #> Bounding box:  xmin: 265638 ymin: 299509.9 xmax: 278973 ymax: 326430.3
    #> Projected CRS: NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Missouri_East_FIPS_2401
    #> First 10 features:
    #>          GEOID      TOTAL_E WARD         area  totalArea
    #> 1  29510106500 1.148421e+03    1 4.268099e+05  1064032.5
    #> 2  29510106700 1.520247e+03    1 5.942485e+05  1238338.0
    #> 3  29510107500 1.341296e+03    1 6.141786e+05   911677.5
    #> 4  29510107600 1.800575e+03    1 1.074142e+06  1168054.2
    #> 5  29510110100 1.577594e-01    1 5.559584e+01   993793.8
    #> 6  29510126900 9.164090e+02    1 8.896824e+05  4331867.8
    #> 7  29510127000 1.260681e-01    1 1.014709e+03 14697280.1
    #> 8  29510108100 1.239119e-01    1 1.197780e+02  3198604.2
    #> 9  29510106400 1.231736e+03    1 6.861954e+05  1106392.9
    #> 10 29510107500 3.382533e-02    2 1.548859e+01   911677.5
    #>                          geometry   areaWeight
    #> 1  POLYGON ((270624.5 315101.4... 4.011249e-01
    #> 2  POLYGON ((270823.1 314161.8... 4.798758e-01
    #> 3  POLYGON ((272693.4 317603.1... 6.736797e-01
    #> 4  POLYGON ((271928.5 316159, ... 9.195993e-01
    #> 5  POLYGON ((272047.9 314802.1... 5.594303e-05
    #> 6  POLYGON ((271678.3 316891, ... 2.053808e-01
    #> 7  MULTIPOLYGON (((273486.1 31... 6.904061e-05
    #> 8  POLYGON ((272743.5 317521.7... 3.744694e-05
    #> 9  POLYGON ((271034.9 315851.6... 6.202095e-01
    #> 10 POLYGON ((272862.1 317334.3... 1.698911e-05

There is an optional `newVar` argument that can be used to store the estimates in a new column rather than in the existing `value` column.

### Aggregate Estimated Population by Target ID

Finally, we aggregate the estimated values by target features using `aw_aggregate()`:

    intersect %>%
      aw_aggregate(target = wards, tid = WARD, interVar = TOTAL_E) -> result

    result
    #> Simple feature collection with 28 features and 2 fields
    #> Geometry type: POLYGON
    #> Dimension:     XY
    #> Bounding box:  xmin: 265638 ymin: 299436.3 xmax: 278974.9 ymax: 326430.3
    #> Projected CRS: NAD_1983_HARN_StatePlane_Missouri_East_FIPS_2401
    #> First 10 features:
    #>    WARD   TOTAL_E                       geometry
    #> 1     1  7959.092 POLYGON ((272762.8 317484.8...
    #> 2     2 12110.535 POLYGON ((275044.1 320169.6...
    #> 3     3  7356.539 POLYGON ((275469.4 315093.9...
    #> 4     4  8457.699 POLYGON ((272072.6 315153.2...
    #> 5     5  8807.580 POLYGON ((277328.1 312562.2...
    #> 6     6 14052.998 POLYGON ((274902.5 310971.6...
    #> 7     7 15841.502 POLYGON ((278014.2 310777.7...
    #> 8     8 12188.988 POLYGON ((272184.4 308794.1...
    #> 9     9 14217.903 POLYGON ((274931.9 307729.1...
    #> 10   10 11239.120 POLYGON ((269582.8 308190.9...