# Introduction to bridging Olink® NPX datasets

#### Compiled: September 24, 2025

Individual Olink® NPX datasets are normalized using either plate control normalization or intensity normalization methods. Plate control normalization is generally used for single plate projects or for Explore HT projects, while intensity normalization is generally used for multi-plate projects. Additionally, intensity normalization method assumes that all samples within a project are fully randomized.

In the case where all samples within a project are not fully randomized, or when a study is separated into separate batches, an additional normalization step is needed to allow the data to be comparable, since NPX is a relative measurement. The joint analysis of two or more Olink® NPX datasets often requires an additional batch correction step to remove technical variations, which is referred to as overlapping sample reference normalization, bridge normalization, or just simply bridging.

Bridging is also needed if Olink® NPX datasets are:

- plate control normalized only and run conditions (e.g lab and reagent lots) have changes.

- intensity normalized but from two different sample populations.

To bridge two or more Olink® NPX datasets, bridging samples are needed to calculate the assay-specific adjustment factors between datasets. Bridging samples are shared samples among datasets - that is that samples that are analyzed in both datasets. The recommended number of bridging samples are shown in the table below. Olink® NPX datasets without shared samples should not be combined using the bridging approach described below.

Table 1. Recommended number of bridging samples for Olink platforms
Platform | BridgingSamples
--- | ---
Target 96 | 8-16
Explore 384: Cardiometabolic, Inflammation, Neurology, and Oncology | 8-16
Explore 384: Cardiometabolic II, Inflammation II,Neurology II, and Oncology II | 16-24
Explore HT | 16-32
Reveal | 16-24
Explore 3072 to Explore HT | 40-64
Explore 3072 to Reveal | 32-48

The following tutorial is designed to give you an overview of the kinds of data combining methods that are possible using the Olink® bridging procedure. Before starting bridging, it is important to check if the same sample IDs were assigned to the bridging samples.

## Selecting bridging samples

Prior to running the second study, bridging samples must be selected from the reference study and be added to the second study. These samples can be selected using the `olink_bridgeselector()` function in Olink Analyze. The bridge selection function will select a number of bridge samples based on the reference data. This function selects samples which passes QC and have high detectability. In the case of where detectability cannot be calculated from the test data set (ex: Explore HT data), the function will only select samples which pass QC. External controls are not selected as bridge samples as they are not necessarily representative of the study and therefore may not cover the dynamic range of assays that would be expressed within the samples. Note that due to naming convention differences, it is necessary to exclude the control samples using either `SampleType == "SAMPLE"` if available or `stringr::str_detect()` as shown below.

To select samples across the range of the data, the samples are ordered by mean NPX value and selected across this range. When running the selector, Olink recommends starting at sampleMissingFreq = 0.10 which represents a maximum of 10% data below LOD per sample. If there are not enough samples output, increase to 20%. For alternative matrices and specific disease types, it may be needed to increase the sampleMissingFreq to higher levels.

In this example we will demonstrate how to select 16 bridging samples using `npx_data1` which will act as the reference data. The selected bridge samples are displayed in Table 2.

    bridge_Samples<- npx_data1 %>%
      # Excluding control samples. Naming convention may differ.
      dplyr::filter((stringr::str_detect(SampleID, "CONTROL", negate = TRUE))) %>%
      olink_bridgeselector(sampleMissingFreq = 0.1,
                         n = 16)

Table 2. Selected Bridging Samples
SampleID | PercAssaysBelowLOD | MeanNPX
--- | --- | ---
A59 | 0.03 | 6.07
B34 | 0.05 | 5.87
B35 | 0.07 | 6.24
A67 | 0.04 | 6.35
B62 | 0.05 | 6.08
B13 | 0.05 | 6.32
B9 | 0.06 | 5.99
B79 | 0.06 | 6.11
B36 | 0.07 | 6.20
B65 | 0.05 | 6.39
A77 | 0.07 | 6.22
A47 | 0.07 | 6.15
B20 | 0.06 | 6.46
A20 | 0.05 | 6.54
A53 | 0.04 | 6.28
B55 | 0.08 | 6.26

It’s important to make sure that the select bridge samples are representative of the overall samples within the study. This can be done by generating a PCA plot with the following code and make sure that the bridge samples are evenly dispersed among the other samples, as shown in Figure 1.

    npx_data1 %>%
      filter(!str_detect(SampleID, 'CONT')) %>%
      mutate(Bridge = ifelse(SampleID %in% bridge_Samples$SampleID, "Bridge", "Sample")) %>%
      olink_pca_plot(color_g = "Bridge")

Figure 1. PCA plot of bridging samples and other samples in npx_data1. Control samples are excluded from the PCA plot.

## Setup bridging datasets

Bridging datasets are standard Olink® NPX tables. They can be loaded using `read_NPX()` function with default Olink Software NPX file as input.

    data1 <- read_NPX("~/NPX_file1_location.xlsx")
    data2 <- read_NPX("~/NPX_file2_location.xlsx")

To demonstrate how bridging works, we will use the example datasets (`npx_data1` and `npx_data2`) from Olink Analyze package. This workflow also uses functions from the dplyr, stringr, and ggplot2 packages.

## Check bridging datasets

First, confirm that there are overlapping sample IDs within the study. It is important that the sample IDs are the same in both NPX files as shown in Table 3. Note that while external controls may share the same SampleID in both datasets, theses samples should not be treated as bridging samples. External control samples often share the same naming convention across datasets but may represent different samples due to reagent batch differences. Additionally, external control samples are unlikely to cover the dynamic range of assays expressed in the study samples.

    data.frame(SampleID = intersect(npx_data1$SampleID, npx_data2$SampleID)) %>%
      dplyr::filter(!stringr::str_detect(SampleID, "CONTROL_SAMPLE"))

Table 3. Overlapping Bridge Samples
SampleID
A13
A29
A30
A36
A45
A46
A52
A63
A71
A73
B3
B4
B37
B45
B63
B75

Then, gain an overview of the datasets that are going to be bridged. For example, plot and compare NPX distribution between datasets, as shown in Figure 2. By having a sense of how the studies compared to each other before bridging, we can then determine the success of the bridging process post bridging. Figure 2 shows a large overlap between data1 and data2, however there are still some differences as indicated by the blue and red areas on the edge of the distribution.

    # Load datasets
    npx_1 <- npx_data1 %>%
      mutate(Project = "data1")
    npx_2 <- npx_data2 %>%
      mutate(Project = "data2")

    npx_df <- bind_rows(npx_1, npx_2)

    # Plot NPX density before bridging normalization
    npx_df %>%
      mutate(Panel = gsub("Olink ", "", Panel)) %>%
      ggplot(aes(x = NPX, fill = Project)) +
      geom_density(alpha = 0.4) +
      facet_grid(~Panel) +
      olink_fill_discrete(coloroption = c("red", "darkblue")) +
      set_plot_theme() +
      ggtitle("Before bridging normalization: NPX distribution") +
      theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
            axis.title.y = element_blank(),
            strip.text = element_text(size = 16),
            legend.title = element_blank(),
            legend.position = "top")

Figure 2. Density plot of NPX distribution in both datasets before bridging.

Use a PCA plot as shown in Figure 3 to visualize sample-to-sample distance before bridging. Typically the project dataset accounts for most of the observed variation within the combined datasets at this point. Control samples are removed from the PCA plot because they are not expected to be representative of the rest of the dataset, and therefore the variation between sample and control samples could skew the PCA, making it more challenging to see differences between projects. Additional, the PCA function does not support multiple samples with the same SampleID, which is also why the bridging samples in the second project are appended with “_new”. In Figure 3, data1 and data2 separate along PC1, indicating batch differences between the two datasets.

    #### Extract bridging samples

    overlapping_samples <-  data.frame(SampleID = intersect(npx_1$SampleID, npx_2$SampleID)) %>%
      filter(!str_detect(SampleID, "CONTROL_SAMPLE")) %>% #Remove control samples
      pull(SampleID)

    npx_before_br <- npx_data1 %>%
      dplyr::filter(!str_detect(SampleID, "CONTROL_SAMPLE")) %>% #Remove control samples
      dplyr::mutate(Type = if_else(SampleID %in% overlapping_samples,
                            paste0("data1 Bridge"),
                            paste0("data1 Sample"))) %>%
      rbind({
        npx_data2 %>%
          filter(!str_detect(SampleID, "CONTROL_SAMPLE")) %>% #Remove control samples %>%
          mutate(Type = if_else(SampleID %in% overlapping_samples,
                                paste0("data2 Bridge"),
                                paste0("data2 Sample"))) %>%
          mutate(SampleID = if_else(SampleID %in% overlapping_samples,
                                    paste0(SampleID, "_new"),
                                    SampleID))
      })

    ### PCA plot
    OlinkAnalyze::olink_pca_plot(df          = npx_before_br,
                                 color_g     = "Type",
                                 byPanel     = TRUE)

Figure 3. PCA plot of both datasets before bridging.

## Perform bridging between two data sets

We can use `olink_normalization_bridge()` function to bridge two datasets. The bridging procedure is to first calculate the median of the paired NPX differences per assay between the bridging samples as adjustment factor then use these adjustment factors to adjust NPX values between two datasets. In this process, one dataset is considered the reference dataset (`df1`) and its NPX values remain unaltered. The other dataset is considered the new dataset (`df2`) and is adjusted to the reference dataset based on the adjustment factors.

The output from `olink_normalization_bridge()` function is a NPX table with adjusted NPX value in the column `NPX`, as shown in Table 4. `olink_normalization_bridge()` is a wrapper for and supersedes `olink_normalization()` .

`olink_normalization_bridge()` creates a new column `Project` to distinguish between reference dataset from the other dataset. It is up to the user to define which dataset is the reference dataset and specify the names of the bridge samples. The resulting dataset will contain the reference dataset, which will be identical to the input reference data, with adjustment factors of 0, and the newly bridged dataset.

    # Find shared samples
    npx_1 <- npx_data1 %>%
      mutate(Project = "data1")
    npx_2 <- npx_data2 %>%
      mutate(Project = "data2")

    overlap_samples <-data.frame(SampleID = intersect(npx_1$SampleID, npx_2$SampleID)) %>%
      filter(!str_detect(SampleID, "CONTROL_SAMPLE")) %>% #Remove control samples
      pull(SampleID)

    overlap_samples_list <- list("DF1" = overlap_samples,
                                 "DF2" = overlap_samples)

    # Perform Bridging normalization
    npx_br_data <- olink_normalization_bridge(project_1_df = npx_1,
                                              project_2_df = npx_2,
                                              bridge_samples = overlap_samples_list,
                                              project_1_name = "data1",
                                              project_2_name = "data2",
                                              project_ref_name = "data1")

Table 4. First 10 rows of combined datasets after bridging.
Index | OlinkID | UniProt | Assay | MissingFreq | Panel_Version | PlateID | QC_Warning | LOD | NPX | Subject | Treatment | Site | Time | Project | Panel | Adj_factor | SampleID
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
1 | OID01216 | O00533 | CHL1 | 0 | v.1201 | Example_Data_1_CAM.csv | Pass | 2.4 | 13.0 | ID1 | Untreated | Site_D | Baseline | data1 | Olink Cardiometabolic | 0 | A1
2 | OID01216 | O00533 | CHL1 | 0 | v.1201 | Example_Data_1_CAM.csv | Pass | 2.4 | 11.3 | ID1 | Untreated | Site_D | Week.6 | data1 | Olink Cardiometabolic | 0 | A2
3 | OID01216 | O00533 | CHL1 | 0 | v.1201 | Example_Data_1_CAM.csv | Pass | 2.4 | 25.5 | ID1 | Untreated | Site_D | Week.12 | data1 | Olink Cardiometabolic | 0 | A3
4 | OID01216 | O00533 | CHL1 | 0 | v.1201 | Example_Data_1_CAM.csv | Pass | 2.4 | 14.5 | ID2 | Untreated | Site_C | Baseline | data1 | Olink Cardiometabolic | 0 | A4
5 | OID01216 | O00533 | CHL1 | 0 | v.1201 | Example_Data_1_CAM.csv | Pass | 2.4 | 7.6 | ID2 | Untreated | Site_C | Week.6 | data1 | Olink Cardiometabolic | 0 | A5
6 | OID01216 | O00533 | CHL1 | 0 | v.1201 | Example_Data_1_CAM.csv | Pass | 2.4 | 6.3 | ID2 | Untreated | Site_C | Week.12 | data1 | Olink Cardiometabolic | 0 | A6
7 | OID01216 | O00533 | CHL1 | 0 | v.1201 | Example_Data_1_CAM.csv | Pass | 2.4 | 12.7 | ID3 | Untreated | Site_D | Baseline | data1 | Olink Cardiometabolic | 0 | A7
8 | OID01216 | O00533 | CHL1 | 0 | v.1201 | Example_Data_1_CAM.csv | Pass | 2.4 | 13.7 | ID3 | Untreated | Site_D | Week.6 | data1 | Olink Cardiometabolic | 0 | A8
9 | OID01216 | O00533 | CHL1 | 0 | v.1201 | Example_Data_1_CAM.csv | Pass | 2.4 | 16.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | data1 | Olink Cardiometabolic | 0 | CONTROL_SAMPLE_AS 1
10 | OID01216 | O00533 | CHL1 | 0 | v.1201 | Example_Data_1_CAM.csv | Pass | 2.4 | 6.1 | ID3 | Untreated | Site_D | Week.12 | data1 | Olink Cardiometabolic | 0 | A9

## Perform bridging with non-matching sample names

`olink_normalization_bridge()` also supports data where the shared samples (bridge samples) are not named the same in both projects. In this case the `overlap_sample_list` will contain 2 arrays of equal length where the index of each entry corresponds to the same sample. For example, if a sample had the SampleID of `Sample_1_Aliquot_1` in the first batch and `Sample_1_Aliquot_2` in the second batch, then the overlap sample list should look as the following.

    overlap_sample_list <-list("DF1" = c("A1", "A2", "A3", "Sample_1_Aliquot_1"),
                               "DF2" = c("A1", "A2", "A3", "Sample_1_Aliquot_2"))

## Perform evaluation of bridging normalization

First, check NPX distribution in datasets after bridging normalization, as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 shows a larger overlap in projects than seen in Figure 2, as indicated by fewer areas of red and blue along the outside of the distribution.

    # Plot NPX density after bridging normalization

    npx_br_data %>%
      mutate(Panel = gsub("Olink ", "", Panel)) %>%
      ggplot2::ggplot(ggplot2::aes(x = NPX, fill = Project)) +
      ggplot2::geom_density(alpha = 0.4) +
      ggplot2::facet_grid(~Panel) +
      olink_fill_discrete(coloroption = c("red", "darkblue")) +
      set_plot_theme() +
      ggplot2::ggtitle("After bridging normalization: NPX distribution") +
      theme(axis.title.x = element_blank(),
            axis.title.y = element_blank(),
            strip.text = element_text(size = 16),
            legend.title = element_blank(),
            legend.position = "top")

Figure 4. Density plot of NPX distribution in both datasets after bridging.

Then, summarize number of assays that have adjustment factors in certain ranges. High adjustment factors can result from variations between projects, such as panel versions or technical modifications. The cutoff of a deviating adjustment factor is subjective and depends on a variety of factors including the distribution of adjustment factors, as shown in Figure 5. While there are a few assays with adjustment factors between 2 and 4 and -2 and -4, the majority of the adjustment factors shown in Figure 5 occur between -2 and 2.

Such assays can be visualized individually with violin plots, as shown in Figure 6, and may warrant further investigation to confirm they are still comparable between projects. For example, if a violin plot exhibits a different range or truncated distribution, this may suggest that the assay is below LOD or at hook in one of the data sets. However, as long as the bridge samples are not at hook or below LOD, this should not impact the bridging quality. For projects with differing clinical phenotypes, it is more informative to look at the similarities between the bridging samples than the similarity between the datasets, as indicated by the overlaid black dots in Figure 6.

<img src=“C:/Users/kathy.nevola/AppData/Local/Temp/RtmpwvVjAE/Rbuild50049d1eee/OlinkAnalyze/vignettes/bridging_introduction_files/figure-html/dist_adj_fct-1.png” alt=“Figure 5. Histogram of adjustment factors in normalized data from Project”data2”.” />

Figure 5. Histogram of adjustment factors in normalized data from Project “data2”.

The distribution of CHL1 between projects is visualized for demonstration purposes.

    # Bridge sample data
    bridge_samples <- npx_1 %>%
      rbind(npx_2) %>%
      filter(SampleID %in% overlapping_samples) %>%
      filter(Assay == "CHL1") %>%
      mutate(Assay_OID = paste(Assay, OlinkID, sep = "\n"))

    # Generate violin plot for CHL1
    npx_data1 %>%
      mutate(Project = "data1") %>%
      bind_rows({
        npx_data2 %>%
          mutate(Project = "data2")
      }) %>%
      filter(Assay == "CHL1") %>%
      filter(!str_detect(SampleID, "CONTROL*.")) %>%
      mutate(Assay_OID = paste(Assay, OlinkID, sep = "\n")) %>%
      ggplot2::ggplot(aes(Project, NPX)) +
      ggplot2::geom_violin(aes(fill = Project)) +
      geom_point(data = bridge_samples, position = position_jitter(0.1)) +
      theme(legend.position = "none") +
      set_plot_theme() +
      facet_wrap(. ~ Assay_OID, scales='free_y')

Figure 6. Violin plot of CHL1 in both datasets prior to bridging. Bridge samples are indicated by black points.

Another way to determine if bridging decreased variability between projects is to calculate the CV of the control samples across both projects before and after bridging, as shown in Figure 7. The CV after normalization is expected to be smaller than the CV prior to normalization, as shown in Figure 7.

Note that the CV calculation formula differs for Olink Target 96 and Olink Explore products. More information of CV calculation can be found in the Olink FAQ

    explore_cv <- function(npx, na.rm = F) {
      sqrt(exp((log(2) * sd(npx, na.rm = na.rm))^2) - 1)*100
    }

    t96_cv <- function(NPX, na.rm = T) {
      100*sd(2^NPX)/mean(2^NPX)
    }

    tech <- "Target"

    cv_before <- npx_1 %>%
      rbind(npx_2) %>%
      filter(str_detect(SampleID,"CONTROL*.")) %>%
      filter(NPX > LOD) %>%
      group_by(OlinkID) %>%
      mutate(CV = ifelse(tech=='Explore',explore_cv(NPX), t96_cv(NPX))) %>%
      ungroup() %>%
      distinct(OlinkID,CV)

    cv_after <- npx_br_data %>%
      filter(str_detect(SampleID, "CONTROL")) %>%
      filter(NPX > LOD) %>%
      group_by(OlinkID) %>%
      mutate(CV = ifelse(tech=='Explore',explore_cv(NPX), t96_cv(NPX))) %>%
      ungroup() %>%
      distinct(OlinkID,CV)

    cv_before %>%
      mutate(Analysis = "Before") %>%
      rbind((cv_after %>%
               mutate(Analysis = "After"))) %>%
      ggplot2::ggplot(ggplot2::aes(x = CV, fill = Analysis)) +
      ggplot2::geom_density(alpha = 0.7) +
      set_plot_theme() +
      olink_fill_discrete()+
      ggplot2::theme(text = ggplot2::element_text(size = 20)) + ggplot2::xlim(-50,400)

Figure 7. Density plot of inter-project CV before and after bridging.

Finally, use PCA plot to check whether bridging normalization has effect in correcting batch effects (Figure 8). In the example below, it is clear that before bridging samples from data 1 and 2 are divided into separate clusters due to the batch effects (Figure 3), but after bridging they are shown as one cluster in the PCA plot (Figure 8). Bridging normalization has sufficiently removed the batch effects between two data sets.

    ## After bridging

    ### Generate unique SampleIDs

    npx_after_br <- npx_br_data %>%
      dplyr::mutate(Type = ifelse(SampleID %in% overlapping_samples,
                                  paste(Project, "Bridge"),
                                  paste(Project, "Sample"))) %>%
      dplyr:::mutate(SampleID = paste0(Project, PlateID, SampleID))

    ### PCA plot
    OlinkAnalyze::olink_pca_plot(df          = npx_after_br,
                                 color_g     = "Type",
                                 byPanel     = TRUE)

Figure 8. PCA plot of both datasets after bridging.

## Export Bridged data

Normalized data can be exported using write.table to export long format data. Note that 2 columns are added during the bridging process, so to have the input format match the export format the Project and Adj_factor columns will need to be removed. To export the new project, `dplyr::filter` can be used to filter by Project.

    new_normalized_data <- npx_br_data %>%
      dplyr::filter(Project == "data2") %>%
      dplyr::select(-Project, -Adj_factor) %>%
      write.table(, file = "New_Normalized_NPX_data.csv", sep = ";")

## Contact Us

We are always happy to help. Email us with any questions:

- biostat@olink.com for statistical services and general stats questions

- support@olink.com for Olink lab product and technical support

- info@olink.com for more information

## Legal Disclaimer

© 2025 Olink Proteomics AB, part of Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Olink products and services are For Research Use Only. Not for use in diagnostic procedures.

All information in this document is subject to change without notice. This document is not intended to convey any warranties, representations and/or recommendations of any kind, unless such warranties, representations and/or recommendations are explicitly stated.

Olink assumes no liability arising from a prospective reader’s actions based on this document.

OLINK, NPX, PEA, PROXIMITY EXTENSION, INSIGHT and the Olink logotype are trademarks registered, or pending registration, by Olink Proteomics AB. All third-party trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Olink products and assay methods are covered by several patents and patent applications https://www.olink.com/patents/.