# Restricted mean survival time (RMST)

#### Yujie Zhao, Yilong Zhang

# Introduction

Restricted mean survival time (RMST) is defined as the area under the survival curve up to a specific time point. It can be interpreted as the average survival time during a defined time period ranging from time 0 to a specific follow-up time point, which is a straightforward and clinically meaningful way to interpret the contrast in survival between groups.

The RMST may provide valuable information for comparing two survival curves when the proportional hazards assumption is not met, such as in cases of crossing or delayed separation of survival curves.

# RMST vs. logrank

The log-rank test calculates the test statistics using the survival rate at each time point, and then summarizes them to test the equality of the survival curves as a whole for the entire follow-up period.

A comparison of the RMST between two survival curves provides an estimate of the duration of time gained or lost associated with the exposure.

Although RMST has an advantage over the hazard ratio, a previous study showed that the difference in RMST often has operating characteristics similar to the log-rank test under the proportional hazards assumption (Royston and Parmar 2013). However, in the case of crossing survival curves, the efficacy of an intervention may be demonstrated by showing a difference in RMST between the two curves, although the log-rank test may fail to detect a difference because of the occurrence of non-proportional hazards.

# Estimation of RMST in a single arm at a single time point

Assume the event time as \(T\), and the survival function as \(S(t) = Pr(T>t)\). The restricted mean survival time at a pre-specified cutoff time point \(\tau\) is \[ \text{RMST}(\tau) = E[\min (T, \tau)] = \int_{0}^{\tau} S(u) d u. \] Suppose there are \(D\) events, with distinct observed event times at \(t_1 < t_2 < \ldots <t_D\). For any \(i = 1, \ldots, D\), let \(Y_i\) be the number of risk just prior to \(t_i\), and let \(d_i\) be the number of subjects that fail at \(t_i\). The Kaplan-Meier (product-limit) estimate of the survival function at \(t_i\) is

\[ \hat{S}(t_i) = \prod_{j=1}^{i} \left( 1-\frac{d_{j}}{Y_{j}} \right) \] Based on the definition and formula above, \(\text{RMST}(\tau)\) can be estimated by \[ \widehat{\text{RMST}}(\tau) = \int_{0}^{\tau} \hat{S}(t) d t = \sum_{i=1}^{L_{\tau}} \hat{S}\left(t_{i-1}\right)\left(t_{i}-t_{i-1}\right) + \hat{S}\left(t_{L_{\tau}}\right)\left(\tau-t_{L_{\tau}}\right), \] where \(L_{\tau}\) is the number of \(t_i\) values that are less than \(\tau\).

The standard error of \(\widehat{\text{RMST}}(\tau)\) can be estimated by \[ \hat{\sigma} = \widehat{\text{Var}}(\widehat{\text{RMST}}(\tau)) = \sqrt{\sum_{i=1}^{L_\tau} \frac{d_{i} A_{i}^{2}}{Y_{i}\left(Y_{i}-d_{i}\right)}} \] where \[ A_{i} = \int_{t_i}^{\tau} \hat{S}(t) d t = \sum_{j=i}^{L_\tau} \hat{S}(t_{j}) (t_{j+1}-t_{j}) + \hat{S}(t_{L_\tau})(\tau-t_{L_\tau}) \] and \(m=\sum_{j=1}^{L_\tau} d_{j}\). The \((1-\alpha)\) confidence interval for \(\text{RMST}\) can be calculated as \[ \left[ \widehat{\operatorname{RMST}}(\tau) - z_{\alpha/2}\hat{\sigma}, \;\; \widehat{\operatorname{RMST}}(\tau) + z_{\alpha/2}\hat{\sigma} \right] \] where \(\alpha\) is a predefined significant level, and \(z_{\alpha/2}\) is the upper \(1-\alpha/2\) critical value for the standard normal distribution.

    # Simulate NPH data from the piecewise model
    library(simtrial)
    # Table display
    library(gt)

    data(ex1_delayed_effect)
    data_single_arm <- ex1_delayed_effect[ex1_delayed_effect$trt == 1, ]
    simtrial:::rmst_single_arm(
      time_var = data_single_arm$month,
      event_var = data_single_arm$evntd,
      tau = 10
    ) |> gt()

cutoff_time | group | rmst | variance | std | lcl | ucl | event
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
10 | Single Group | 6.495175 | 0.05711322 | 0.2389837 | 6.026776 | 6.963575 | 127

## Estimation of RMST differences in 2 arms at a single time point

Let \(\text{RMST}_{1}(\tau)\) and \(\text{RMST}_{2}(\tau)\) be the RMST of treatment group 1 and 2 at predefined time \(\tau\), the RMST difference between the 2 treatment groups (\(\theta\)) can be defined as \[ \theta = \text{RMST}_1(\tau) - \text{RMST}_2(\tau). \] The expected value of \(\theta\) is \(E(\theta) = E[\text{RMST}_{1}(\tau)] - E[\text{RMST}_{2}(\tau)]\). If two treatment groups are independent, the variance of \(\theta\) is \[ \text{Var}(\theta) = \sigma_{1}^{2} + \sigma_{2}^{2} \]

Similarly, the \((1-\alpha)\) confidence interval for RMST difference between 2 groups can be calculated as: \[ \left[ \hat{\theta} - z_{\alpha/2}\sqrt{\hat{\sigma}_1^2 + \hat{\sigma}_2^2}, \;\; \hat{\theta} + z_{\alpha/2}\sqrt{\hat{\sigma}_1^2 + \hat{\sigma}_2^2} \right]. \]

    tau <- 10

    data(ex1_delayed_effect)

    ex1_delayed_effect |>
      rmst(
        var_label_tte = "month",
        var_label_event = "evntd",
        var_label_group = "trt",
        tau = 10,
        reference = "0"
      )
    #> $method
    #> [1] "RMST"
    #>
    #> $parameter
    #> [1] 10
    #>
    #> $estimate
    #> [1] 0.8650493
    #>
    #> $se
    #> [1] 0.3900344
    #>
    #> $z
    #> [1] 2.21788

The R package survRM2 (Uno et al. 2022) performs two-sample comparisons using RMST as a summary measure of the survival time distribution. Three kinds of between-group contrast metrics (i.e., the difference in RMST, the ratio of RMST and the ratio of the restricted mean time lost (RMTL)) are computed. It performs an ANCOVA-type covariate adjustment as well as unadjusted analyses for those measures. We use this R package as validation of `simtrial::rmst()`.

    verify <- survRM2::rmst2(
      time = ex1_delayed_effect$month,
      status = ex1_delayed_effect$evntd,
      arm = ex1_delayed_effect$trt,
      tau = tau,
      alpha = 0.05
    )

    verify$RMST.arm1$rmst[1] - verify$RMST.arm0$rmst[1]
    #>      Est.
    #> 0.8650493

## References

Royston, Patrick, and Mahesh KB Parmar. 2013. “Restricted Mean Survival Time: An Alternative to the Hazard Ratio for the Design and Analysis of Randomized Trials with a Time-to-Event Outcome.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 13 (1): 1–15.

Uno, Hajime, Lu Tian, Miki Horiguchi, Angel Cronin, Chakib Battioui, and James Bell. 2022. “survRM2: Comparing Restricted Mean Survival Time.” https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=survRM2.