]> VolMax Studio Lab d.o.o.

volmax.core@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7940-9539

Security SCITT in-toto underdetermination adjudication Lean P10 defines a third-party-verifiable binding for NotDemonstrated(reason=underdetermined). A conforming P10 Adjudication Statement carries two canonical witness worlds that are compatible with the same closed evidence set and produce different values for the same frozen claim. The witness result is checked against committed profile semantics and bound into a SCITT Transparent Statement containing an in-toto Statement v1 predicate. The result establishes underdetermination only relative to the declared profile and does not identify the actual world or establish either claim value as true. Status information for this document may be found at . Discussion of this document takes place on the scitt Working Group mailing list (), which is archived at . Subscribe at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction

• The proposed P10 Underdetermination Profile defines a third-party-verifiable binding for NotDemonstrated(reason=underdetermined). Issuance is permitted only when: (1) the world class, admissible-evidence-bundle space and item-admission rules, frozen bundle constructor, compatibility relation, claim interpretation, evidence scope and coverage rules, canonicalization, world codec, committed log identity, leaf encoding, lifecycle/admitter authorization, and verifier were committed in a profile and an identified InstanceCommitment before the first evidence admission for that instance; (2) within the committed transparency log L, exactly one profile and claim are bound to the (issuer_id, request_id) subject, and an EvidenceClosure plus checkpoint-bounded CoverageProof binds every valid, registered, in-scope admission made by a frozen authorized admitter through S_R; (3) the P10 Adjudication Statement carries two semantically distinct worlds from that frozen world class, represented in the profile's frozen canonical serialization; (4) the frozen verifier establishes that both witnesses are compatible with that same closed evidence set and assign different values to the same frozen claim; and (5) the instance commitment, profile, claim, closed evidence set, witnesses, proof, verifier and mandatory limitations are SHA-256-bound in a SCITT Transparent Statement whose payload is an in-toto Statement v1 containing the P10 predicate, with complete VDS-prefix replay and registration/coverage verification satisfying through . The result establishes underdetermination only relative to the declared profile and does not identify the actual world or establish either claim value as true.

Nature of the contribution: profile-and-binding contribution. It is not a new mathematical theorem.

Scope and Relationship to SCITT The profile defines a third-party-verifiable underdetermination binding for SCITT () using an in-toto Statement v1 () predicate; the envelope structure is specified in .

Profile, Instance, and Deployment This document distinguishes three layers. The profile is the abstract P10 Underdetermination Profile specified in through . It defines what must be committed before the first evidence admission, what a verifier must check, and when a P10 Adjudication Statement may be issued. Conformance statements in this document refer only to the profile. An instance is one identified InstanceCommitment together with the concrete values that fill the profile's committed slots: for example the world class and claim semantics, the statement payload schema, the specific byte mapping selected for LeafEncodeV0, the VDS and LogIdentityV0, the key-resolution material, and the authorized admitter set. These values are chosen by the instance owner. A value selected for one instance is not thereby a requirement of the profile. A deployment is the operational environment in which an instance is executed, such as a particular Transparency Service implementation, its registration and bootstrap configuration, and the hosts and toolchains used for replay. Deployment properties are outside the profile. and are informative. They describe one executed instance and its deployment, and they neither add profile requirements nor establish properties of other instances, other world classes, or other SCITT Transparency Services. In particular, a Transparency Service may satisfy without supporting the exact, checkpoint-bounded statement-byte replay used by the executed instance; that replay capability is a property of the P10-over-SCITT composition, not a SCITT conformance criterion.

Non-Claims That “two compatible models ⇒ underdetermination” is novel. That the P10 Adjudication Statement identifies the actual world or establishes either claim value as true. That Compatibleπ, Evalπ, or Eπ faithfully represents reality (). That FormallyUnderdeterminationCapable means the profile is operationally adequate or unbiased toward abstention (AP1). That registration order represents issuance, creation, or first-observation order (, ). That the issuer did not open a semantically equivalent request under another request_id (). That the issuer did not create sibling instances for the same claim_digest under different request_id values, bind them to different profiles or world classes, or select the presented instance after observing evidence or outcomes (). That no parallel commitment or admission for the same request_id exists in another transparency log; the claim is relative only to committed L ( through ). That no unregistered or evidence-scope-excluded external evidence exists, or that no entry exists after S_R; coverage applies only to frozen admitters and the identified subject through S_R (). That profile failure says anything about claim falsifiability (). That P10 is first to use Lean certificates, abstention, or a per-call card (, ). That P10 originated independent determinability or the rule against selecting one of several evidence-compatible candidates (, ). That decision-time or pre-evidence binding is novel as a general idea (, , ). That an indeterminate receipt or reason-coded indeterminate state is novel (, ). That binding a claim, ruleset, or evidence set into a signed receipt is novel (, ). That content-addressed evidence or local receipt recomputation is novel (, ). That SCITT transport for a verification receipt is novel ( and existing SCITT profiles, ). That the general need for evidence-coverage or omission controls is novel (, , and , ). That any downstream action was governed by the P10 Adjudication Statement's verdict. P10 establishes only that the certificate verifies under the uniquely committed profile and its transitively bound verifier artifacts. That separate P10 package-level formal-binding or rule-re-execution contracts are part of this underdetermination profile. ActiveProfileBindingV0 here binds the active underdetermination profile, verifier manifest, and checker-constructed certificate target; it is not a package-level formal_binding axis and imports no package-level rule-re-execution semantics. Anything about market or commercial priority.

Conventions and Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. The following notation and symbols are defined in the referenced sections: Wπ, Compatibleπ, and Evalπ are defined in . Eπ and VerifierManifestV0 are defined in . InstanceCommitment is defined in . L is defined in ; S_R denotes the verified checkpoint obtained from the SCITT Receipt, as shown in . SubjectView, RelevantAdmissionπ, EvidenceClosure, and CoverageProof are defined in .

Formal Core

Definitions

Notes: Evalπ(c, w₀) ≠ Evalπ(c, w₁) entails the semantic distinctness of w₀ and w₁. Canonical serialization () prevents the same world from appearing twice. FormallyUnderdeterminationCapable(π, c) → ProfileAdmissible(π, c). Both tests remain in preflight for clearer diagnostics. FormallyUnderdeterminationCapable is a formal property of the frozen profile. It says nothing about operational adequacy (, AP1).

Issuance Conditions In the formal core, e denotes a canonically closed evidence bundle. An individual admission object is denoted by a; the frozen Bundleπ function derives e from ordered valid admissions, and the closure proof establishes e ∈ Eπ.

The prerequisites in this summary are detailed in for instance commitment, for profile registration and replay, for coverage closure, and for canonical world encoding. Frozen and digested before evidence admission: Wπ, Compatibleπ, Evalπ, and claim semantics Eπ (the space of permitted closed evidence bundles), AdmissibleItemπ, Bundleπ, and admission rules evidence scope, coverage rules, and the rule for forming the closed evidence set LogIdentityV0, LeafEncodeV0, checkpoint key/VDS algorithm, and lifecycle/admitter authorization evidence canonicalization and the canonical world codec () eᵈ and eᵘ, with membership proofs for Eπ and proofs of Determinateπ(eᵈ, c) and Underdeterminedπ(eᵘ, c) VerifierManifestV0 and its digest, including the exact checker and Lean toolchain artifacts defined below

The resolved checker MUST construct CertificateTargetV0 exclusively from the committed profile, closed evidence set, committed claim, and canonical witnesses carried by the P10 Adjudication Statement. The certificate MUST NOT supply or select its own target proposition. Every artifact digest above binds both the exact bytes and its frozen artifact identifier or path and format. An unavailable required profile, manifest, checker, build, dependency, .olean, axiom-policy, acceptance-command, or toolchain artifact yields HALT, with no epistemic verdict. A digest mismatch, substitution, or certificate checked under any other profile, checker, build, axiom policy, or toolchain yields REJECT. Preflight rule:

For infinite Wπ, Underdeterminedπ is still checked with a concrete witness pair and decidable Compatibleπ and Evalπ. Determinateπ(eᵈ, c) is a universal claim: the verifier accepts a Lean proof term, but generation of such a proof is not guaranteed. If no proof term is available, preflight MUST return HALT, not an epistemic verdict. UnfalsifiableAsStated is not derived from profile failure. It requires a separate semantic obligation over the claim wording, relativized to the declared world class and evidence language. That obligation is outside this profile.

Instance Commitment and Subject The identified adjudication instance is a subject derived from the issuer/request pair, not a freely chosen instance_id:

SubjectDeriveV0 uses frozen, domain-separated canonical encoding and returns a text string (tstr) for CWT sub (). Its digest is bound by the commitment. Before the first evidence admission, the following MUST be registered:

instance_owner_iss = issuer_id in the same frozen canonical representation, and the commitment MUST carry a valid owner signature with that protected iss. Uniqueness is checked within committed L by (instance_owner_iss, request_id, instance_subject), where instance_subject MUST be the result of SubjectDeriveV0(issuer_id, request_id). Full replay MUST find exactly one valid InstanceCommitment for that tuple, containing exactly one profile_digest and claim_digest. Zero commitments yields HALT; two or more, or conflicting digests, yield REJECT. authorized_admitter_set_digest binds the exact frozen set of permitted CWT iss values. All lifecycle statements — profile, commitment, admission, closure, and final P10 adjudication Signed Statement — carry the same protected CWT sub (), equal to instance_subject. The profile-selection commitment, InstanceCommitment, EvidenceClosure, and final P10 Signed Statement are valid only with an instance_owner_iss signature. Evidence admissions use the separate frozen admitter set. A matching-sub lifecycle entry from another iss is not valid and is excluded from counts. A semantically equivalent natural-language request opened under another request_id remains outside the proven completeness scope.

Full-Prefix Replay and Registration Order Registration order and checkpoint-bounded coverage are proven by replaying the append-only log, not by timestamps or selected inclusion proofs alone.

“The same L” means the same LogIdentityV0: the same TS iss, checkpoint verification key, VDS algorithm, and leaf-encoding profile. The commitment's log_identity_digest MUST match the L identified by the outer SCITT Receipt; a mismatch yields REJECT.

The verifier MUST have authorized read access to the leaf bytes and protected headers of the entire Statement Sequence through S_R, as well as all payload bytes of subject-view candidates needed for classification under the frozen rules. Payloads for unrelated subjects are not required. Trust in the commitment-bound checkpoint key, VDS algorithm, and LeafEncodeV0 is an explicit premise. If the complete prefix or a required subject payload is unavailable, the result is HALT, with no epistemic verdict. Replay verifies that the profile and unique commitment were registered before the first relevant admission, that exactly one valid owner-signed closure precedes the final P10 Adjudication Statement, and that all those entries are in committed L. An entry or proof from another log identity yields REJECT; a separate parallel log is outside the claim and MUST be disclosed by the limitation. P10 v0 uses RFC9162_SHA256 (VDS alg 1, ; tree structure, ). Inclusion and consistency proofs may accompany the transcript, but do not by themselves prove the absence of other entries. An RFC 9943 Registration Policy can change, and its rejection of new entries is only defense in depth; it is not a soundness premise of P10 coverage.

Evidence Admission

A matching sub from an unauthorized iss is not an admission. If the closure nevertheless cites it, the result is REJECT. For a non-admission lifecycle predicate, a matching-sub entry is valid only if it has a valid AuthorizedLifecycleIssuer(ι) signature and the expected predicate type. An unauthorized lifecycle entry is excluded from uniqueness counts; if a valid object cites it as a commitment, profile, or closure, the result is REJECT. Definition-level limitation: admission is a protocol registration event. Registration order proves that the profile was locked before protocol registration of the evidence; it does not prove when the evidence was created or issued, or that the profile author had not previously seen public data.

Evidence Closure and Checkpoint-Bounded Coverage

No closure, replay, or required payload bytes → HALT, with no epistemic verdict. A conflicting commitment/closure, or an omitted, duplicated, misordered, unauthorized, or post-closure relevant admission → REJECT. checkpoint_preclosure_transcript_digest MUST describe the uninterrupted ClosureTranscriptViewπ subsequence immediately before the closure leaf. Entries for other subjects and unauthorized matching-sub entries do not invalidate closure. If a valid owner-signed lifecycle entry or RelevantAdmissionπ lands between transcript preparation and closure registration, that closure candidate is invalid (fail-closed). The issuer MUST replay the subject view, rebuild the references, and register a new closure; the invalid attempt is not counted as a valid closure. The leaf index assigned by committed L is the authoritative total registration order, including entries received in the same batch. Bundleπ uses that strictly increasing order; the TS cannot present a different order for the same checkpoint without violating VDS integrity. The P10 Adjudication Statement is computed over closed e, not an arbitrarily selected admission. The claim holds only through signed checkpoint S_R; a later entry does not retroactively change the historical claim and supports no claim of future absence. To avoid a post-registration hash cycle, the issuer-signed P10 payload binds evidence_closure_ref, evidence_admission_refs, and preclosure_transcript_digest. The outer SCITT Receipt () supplies S_R; S_R, the final replay transcript, and the coverage-verification result are not fields in the issuer-signed payload. Full-prefix replay occurs after SCITT Receipt acquisition.

Canonical Encoding P10 v0 uses UTF-8 JSON Canonicalization Scheme (JCS, ) for claims, structured evidence objects, worlds, and the P10 predicate. The codec digest is part of the profile (, item (1)) and the P10 Adjudication Statement. Integers outside the safely interoperable JCS/JSON range, rational numbers, and exact decimal values are encoded as canonical strings under the frozen exact-number schema; they are not emitted as JSON numbers. A unique normal form applies: decode ∘ encode = id on Wπ, with exactly one JCS form per decoded world. Compatibleπ and Evalπ operate on decoded semantic objects; the verifier rejects noncanonical witnesses. A structured P10 *_digest uses SHA-256 over the corresponding JCS bytes. Binary artifacts are digested over raw bytes together with the frozen format/media-type identifier, not over a JCS reinterpretation. Noncryptographic or merely immutable identifiers are insufficient.

Statement and Predicate Structure Inside the issuer-signed P10 payload:

In the issuer-signed field list above, instance_commitment_ref is specified in ; evidence_closure_ref and preclosure_transcript_digest in ; log_identity_digest in ; codec_digest in ; and the proofs bound by capability_proof_digest in . Profile v0.1.1 used S₁ as editorial outline notation. It introduces no additional wire field, VDS checkpoint, or acceptance condition. Profile v0.1.1 §2.6 also used undefined editorial shorthand S_C; it introduces no additional wire field, VDS checkpoint, digest, or acceptance condition. In context, the issuer-signed closure-related bindings are the already defined evidence_closure_ref, evidence_admission_refs, and preclosure_transcript_digest. Outside the issuer-signed payload, obtained only after registration:

These post-registration values are P10 verifier output over the Transparent Statement. They may be serialized in a separate verification report, but are not part of the issuer-signed P10 predicate and do not enter its digest. The standard SCITT Receipt () remains in COSE unprotected-header label 394, avoiding a hash cycle. Before accepting the epistemic outcome, the verifier MUST establish ActiveProfileBindingV0. Registration order proves when the committed object entered L; it is not by itself evidence that the object was used. P10 establishes verifier-time use by independently resolving the unique instance-bound profile and its VerifierManifestV0, matching every required artifact, constructing CertificateTargetV0 from the committed inputs, and type-checking the submitted certificate against that target under exactly that resolved combination. The only v0 envelope: a SCITT Signed Statement () (COSE_Sign1, ) whose payload is an in-toto Statement v1 () with the P10 predicate. After registration and attachment of a SCITT Receipt (), it becomes a Transparent Statement. Profile commitment, instance commitment, evidence admissions, evidence closure, and final P10 adjudication statement use the same pattern, the same L, and the same protected CWT sub. A bare in-toto predicate, standalone signed in-toto envelope, or SCITT Statement without the required SCITT Receipt is insufficient. No new wire format is introduced.

Implementation Status This section records implementation status in the format recommended by . It is intended to be removed before publication as an RFC.

Implementation A research prototype of the P10 verification chain has been implemented by VolMax Studio Lab d.o.o. The implementation comprises a Lean-checked S1 underdetermination component, the S2b replay verifier, the S2a coverage checker, post-S2a binding checks, and an S3 registration/capture path with replay tooling. The executed SCITT-facing instance used Tessera v1.0.4 as a transparency-log engine behind an S3-owned facade. Tessera itself was not treated as an off-the-shelf RFC 9943 Transparency Service, and the implementation claims neither general RFC 9943 conformance nor conformance with the SCITT Reference APIs (SCRAPI) for that facade. The Transparency Service registration path and the P10 verification path have distinct trust roles. A Transparency Service may verify a Signed Statement signature while processing registration as required by its registration procedure. P10 acceptance does not treat that operator-side check as verification evidence. During replay, S2b independently verifies the relevant Signed Statement signatures against the key-resolution material frozen for the instance.

Organization and Contact The implementation is maintained by VolMax Studio Lab d.o.o. Contact: Ivan Nestorov, volmax.core@gmail.com

Maturity The implementation is a research prototype that has been exercised through an end-to-end P10-over-SCITT demonstration. It is not a production Transparency Service, a general-purpose SCITT implementation, or evidence of conformance for arbitrary P10 profiles or arbitrary SCITT deployments.

Implemented Functionality The implemented chain includes: a Lean-checked S1 underdetermination certificate over the frozen demonstration profile, together with an instance-binding record subsequently checked against the target instance; checkpoint-bounded replay over the authenticated ordered prefix committed by the executed instance; verification of SCITT Receipt and checkpoint material against committed instance parameters; independent verification of relevant Signed Statement signatures under frozen key-resolution material; enforcement of the frozen LogIdentityV0 and LeafEncodeV0 parameters; construction of the exact replay transcript tB consumed by S2a; formally checked S2a coverage semantics over that transcript; post-S2a validation of the target P10 Adjudication Statement, including consistency of the S1 certificate linkage, instance binding, evidence set, witnesses, profile, and accepted status; and reproduction tooling for the executed demonstration. The execution order is S2b replay, followed by S2a coverage checking, followed by post-S2a binding. ReplayResult::Verified from S2b establishes only that replay reconstructed the exact tB required by S2a; it is not by itself an S2a acceptance result or a P10 epistemic verdict. For the executed instance, Tessera v1.0.4 supplied the transparency-log engine. A purpose-built S3 facade performed the P10-specific registration, SCITT Receipt construction, capture, and export functions required by that instance.

Demonstrated Execution The prototype has been exercised against a captured P10-over-SCITT lifecycle and produced BINDING_MATCH for the accepted demonstration instance. In that execution, the target P10 Adjudication Statement was already a registered Signed Statement with a SCITT Receipt proving its inclusion in the selected VDS. It was an input to verification, not an output synthesized by the replay chain. S2b first reconstructed the replay transcript, S2a then checked coverage over that transcript, and post-S2a binding checked that the registered target statement matched the accepted S1 and S2a results. The accepted result was subsequently reproduced from retained artifacts through the offline replay path and through the Replay Workbench on a second host under the same operator. These reproductions establish reproducibility of the recorded demonstration under the pinned artifacts and implementation configuration. They do not constitute independent third-party attestation or general interoperability certification.

Implementation Experience Two implementation findings are recorded here because they arose from executed verification paths rather than only from design analysis. First, the initially selected serde_jcs version 0.1.0 did not reproduce the RFC 8785 Section 3.2.3 property-ordering example in the executed probe. The observed implementation ordered object members using serialized key bytes rather than the UTF-16 code-unit ordering required by RFC 8785. The frozen dependency selection therefore failed its acceptance expectation and was replaced rather than compensated for inside the P10 logic. This finding is specific to serde_jcs 0.1.0. It is not a claim about later versions. Source review of version 0.2.0 shows UTF-16 key ordering, but that release requires a Rust toolchain newer than the Rust 1.82.0 toolchain frozen for the executed verifier. The implementation therefore selected serde_json_canonicalizer 0.3.2 and retained the frozen verifier semantics unchanged. Second, an early S3 integration dry run supplied RFC 9162 inclusion-proof material in a representation that did not satisfy the RFC 9942 Receipt encoding expected by the frozen replay decoder. The request was rejected with ProofEntryNotBstr. The facade-side representation was corrected so that the CBOR inclusion-proof content was wrapped in the required byte string, after which the subsequent dry run proceeded through that check. This second observation is an internal integration result, not an external validation result and not a finding against Tessera. Tessera supplied native transparency-log proof material; adapting that material into the RFC 9942 Receipt representation was the responsibility of the S3 facade. The observation illustrates an interoperability detail that implementations performing such adaptation need to handle explicitly.

Known Limitations and Non-Claims The demonstrated implementation has the following limitations and non-claims: The demonstration instance uses deliberately minimal two-bit fixture semantics. It demonstrates execution and binding of the protocol chain, not adequacy of P10 over a realistic evidence domain. The ratified S2a implementation has a liveness restriction that is stricter than the abstract profile. For an entry already present in the subject view, S2a attempts to obtain the payload before it can complete later semantic and authorization classification. An unavailable required payload therefore causes HALT, including when the entry might later have been classified as unauthorized. Where an attacker can cause such a same-subject entry to be registered and its required payload to remain unavailable, this can deny progress. It is an availability limitation, not a soundness failure: HALT produces no accepted epistemic verdict. The S3 facade is not claimed to be generally conformant with RFC 9943 or SCRAPI. The executed instance fixes LeafEncodeV0 and its VDS identity. The demonstration therefore does not establish interoperability with arbitrary RFC 9162 or SCITT services that use a different leaf mapping. The presence of a Registration Policy or other policy statement in the authenticated prefix proves only that those bytes were registered. P10 does not infer that the Transparency Service enforced the policy described by those bytes. The demonstration does not establish independence of the implementation author, operator, evidence producer, or reproduction environment. The demonstration does not establish unclean-crash consistency, multi-writer behavior, key rotation, or witness operation for the transparency-log configuration. It does not establish absence of evidence outside the scope committed by the P10 instance. It does not establish that registration order represents statement creation, issuance, or first-observation order. It does not establish correctness of arbitrary P10 profiles beyond the profile and artifacts exercised by the recorded demonstration.

Code and Artifact Availability The implementation is split across separately pinned repositories and does not have one common licensing status. VolMax-Studio/p10-underdetermination-profile is public and is distributed under the MIT License. VolMax-Studio/p10-underdetermination-lean-s1 is public. At the ratified S1 tag used by the demonstration, the repository has no root license file; this document therefore infers no license grant from source availability. VolMax-Studio/p10-coverage-lean-s2 is public. At the ratified S2a tag, the repository states that no license has been selected, that rights are reserved, and that no license grant is provided. VolMax-Studio/p10-replay-verifier has a public S2b export under the MIT OR Apache-2.0 licensing terms stated by that repository. VolMax-Studio/p10-scitt-transparency-s3, including the demonstration facade and Replay Workbench evidence, is private. At the accepted S3 tag it has no root license file; no public license grant is claimed. Exact source commits, frozen specifications, manifests, capture artifacts, and reproduction pins for the executed instance are recorded separately in the reproduction material for this revision.

Security Considerations Lean () checks only the result of executing frozen, executable relations and functions over canonical objects. It checks nothing about the real world. Each item in the following list is one row of the semantic-bridges table. Bridge: Compatibleπ What Lean checks: The frozen relation returns true for (e, w₀) and (e, w₁) What remains an oracle / limitation: Whether the relation faithfully represents real-world compatibility Bridge: Evalπ What Lean checks: The frozen function returns different values on w₀ and w₁ What remains an oracle / limitation: Whether Evalπ faithfully translates the natural-language claim; this is P10 R_sem unless the claim is already formal Bridge: Eπ and admission What Lean checks: e ∈ Eπ under the frozen rules What remains an oracle / limitation: Whether Eπ realistically covers obtainable evidence Bridge: Profile adequacy (AP1) What Lean checks: FormallyUnderdeterminationCapable(π, c) What remains an oracle / limitation: Whether the determining evidence fixture is practically obtainable and representative (limitation below) Bridge: Canonicalization / codec What Lean checks: SHA-256 digest and JCS canonical form match What remains an oracle / limitation: Whether canonicalization loses claim-relevant information Bridge: Replay/order What Lean checks: The complete VDS prefix of committed L reconstructs S_R and registration order () What remains an oracle / limitation: Authorized access to all leaf/protected-header data and required subject payloads; registration order is not issuance order; other logs are outside the claim Bridge: Within-batch order What Lean checks: Committed leaf indices define one total registration order What remains an oracle / limitation: The TS chooses within-batch leaf order; an order-sensitive Bundleπ therefore treats that TS choice as an explicit trust assumption Bridge: Pre-evidence commitment What Lean checks: Profile and instance were registered before protocol admission ( through ) What remains an oracle / limitation: Does not prove author ignorance of public data or absence of other instances Bridge: Active profile/verifier What Lean checks: ActiveProfileBindingV0 resolves the unique instance-bound profile and verifies the certificate using only the checker, build, axiom policy, codecs, dependencies, .olean files, and Lean toolchain transitively bound by that profile What remains an oracle / limitation: Establishes verifier-time recomputation under the committed adjudication profile; it does not establish that a downstream action was governed by the verdict Bridge: Coverage What Lean checks: EvidenceClosure and CoverageProof close all valid, registered, in-scope admissions by authorized admitters through S_R () What remains an oracle / limitation: Does not prove absence of unregistered/out-of-scope evidence, another request_id, or future entries Bridge: Cryptography What Lean checks: Digests and signatures match What remains an oracle / limitation: Digest collision resistance, signature unforgeability, and log non-equivocation/integrity Bridge: Verifier What Lean checks: Kernel type-check plus #print axioms audit; the permitted axiom set is explicit in the profile What remains an oracle / limitation: Trust in the Lean kernel and declared axioms; sorryAx, Lean.ofReduceBool, and native_decide are forbidden AP1 limitation (verbatim, mandatory in the P10 Adjudication Statement):

• FormallyUnderdeterminationCapable does not establish that the determining evidence fixture is practically obtainable, representative, or likely to occur under the deployed acquisition process. A formally valid profile may remain operationally abstention-biased.

Coverage/instance limitation (verbatim, mandatory in the P10 Adjudication Statement):

• This receipt establishes completeness only within the committed transparency log L, for valid, registered, in-scope admissions made by the frozen authorized admitters for the identified (issuer, request) subject through the signed checkpoint S_R. It does not establish that no commitment or admission for the same request_id exists in another transparency log, that no unregistered or out-of-scope evidence exists, that no semantically equivalent request was opened under a different request_id, or that no later statement was registered after S_R. Verification requires complete VDS-prefix replay of committed L and access to all subject payload bytes needed by the frozen admission rules. This receipt establishes uniqueness only for the identified instance tuple within committed L through S_R. It does not establish that the issuer did not create other instances for the same claim_digest under different request_id values, bind those instances to different profiles or world classes, or select the presented instance after observing evidence or outcomes.

Where sibling InstanceCommitment payloads are accessible, a verifier SHOULD report the number visible through S_R for the same (instance_owner_iss, claim_digest). Version 0.1.1 assigns no acceptance or rejection semantics to that count. This recommendation does not expand the payload-availability requirement of FullPrefixReplay; mandatory sibling counting requires a future profile with an additional availability or indexing rule. Introducing a Reachableπ(e) predicate does not solve AP1. Lean would check frozen Reachableπ(eᵈ), but not whether that relation faithfully represents physical or practical availability. It would merely move the oracle boundary. Every row of this table is included in the P10 Adjudication Statement's limitations field. The P10 predicate specification marks limitations as a mandatory must-understand field: a P10 verifier MUST reject a predicate without it, even though generic in-toto v1 rules () otherwise require unknown fields to be ignored.

Privacy Considerations A P10 Adjudication Statement contains or references claim, profile, evidence-admission, evidence-closure, witness, certificate, and verifier identifiers or digests. Cryptographic digests provide integrity binding but do not provide confidentiality, particularly for low-entropy or guessable inputs. Registration with a transparency service can create persistent and linkable metadata across P10 Adjudication Statements or instances. This profile does not define confidentiality, anonymization, unlinkability, access control, or retention policy.

IANA Considerations This document has no IANA actions.

&RFC9943; &RFC9942; &RFC9052; &RFC8392; &RFC9597; &RFC8785; &RFC9162; in-toto Project in-toto Project &RFC2119; &RFC8174; &RFC7942; &RFC2606; SECOM CO., LTD. University of Applied Sciences Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Transmute Fraunhofer SIT Bowball Technologies Ltd Microsoft Research Strakewright TK Collective LLC Action State Group, Inc. Action State Group iSoluce CIRIS L3C

Conformance Tests

Mutation Tests (MUST yield REJECT or the stated outcome) #: M1 Mutation: Change W, Compatible, Eval, Eπ, AdmissibleItemπ, Bundleπ, evidence scope, admission/coverage rules, codec, or canonicalization after instance commitment Expected: REJECT #: M2 Mutation: Compatible := fun _ _ => true Expected: Fails FormallyUnderdeterminationCapable: constant Evalπ gives no eᵘ; nonconstant Evalπ gives no eᵈ. Empty Wπ makes Determinateπ false via NonemptyCompatibleπ. No case yields a P10 Adjudication Statement with an underdetermination outcome. #: M3 Mutation: Witness outside frozen Wπ Expected: REJECT #: M4 Mutation: Two witnesses with the same claim value Expected: REJECT #: M5 Mutation: P10 Adjudication Statement without an earlier profile-registration entry Expected: REJECT #: M6 Mutation: Change limitations or witness bytes without changing the digest Expected: REJECT #: M7 Mutation: Profile/instance and admission are in different logs, or replay shows admission before commitment Expected: REJECT #: M8 Mutation: Same world in two serializations; noncanonical witness Expected: REJECT #: M9 Mutation: Profile without a determinability witness Expected: Preflight HALT, no adjudication verdict. Not UnfalsifiableAsStated. #: M10 Mutation: eᵈ or eᵘ added or replaced after admission Expected: REJECT #: M11 Mutation: Bare in-toto predicate, standalone signed in-toto envelope, or SCITT Statement without the required SCITT Receipt Expected: REJECT #: M12 Mutation: P10 Adjudication Statement derived from self-reported timestamps instead of Expected: REJECT #: M13 Mutation: Claim c was not bound by InstanceCommitment before first admission, or was replaced afterward Expected: REJECT #: M14 Mutation: No pre-evidence InstanceCommitment Expected: Preflight HALT, no adjudication verdict #: M15 Mutation: Within committed L, another profile_digest or claim_digest exists under (instance_owner_iss, request_id, instance_subject) Expected: REJECT #: M16 Mutation: Missing closure/proof, P10 Adjudication Statement not after closure or not over exactly the closed set, or relevant admission after closure and before S_R Expected: Missing closure/proof → HALT; wrong order or omitted, duplicated, injected, or post-closure evidence through S_R → REJECT #: M17 Mutation: P10 predicate lacks limitations, or verifier ignores it as unknown Expected: REJECT #: M18 Mutation: Selected inclusion/consistency proofs supplied without the complete VDS prefix through S_R Expected: HALT, no epistemic verdict #: M19 Mutation: Within committed L, another valid commitment or conflicting profile/claim exists for (instance_owner_iss, request_id, instance_subject) Expected: REJECT #: M20 Mutation: Statement has matching sub, but iss is outside the frozen authorized-admitter set Expected: Not an admission; if cited by closure → REJECT #: M21 Mutation: A replayed RelevantAdmissionπ is omitted from ordered_admission_refs Expected: REJECT #: M22 Mutation: RelevantAdmissionπ occurs after closure but before size(S_R) Expected: REJECT #: M23 Mutation: Admission reference is duplicated or references are not in strictly increasing leaf order Expected: REJECT #: M24 Mutation: A detached/encrypted payload required by frozen admission rules is unavailable Expected: HALT, no epistemic verdict #: M25 Mutation: A new relevant entry is registered only after S_R Expected: Historical claim remains scoped to S_R; no claim of future absence #: M26 Mutation: Same (issuer_id, request_id) exists in L1 and L2 Expected: Each P10 Adjudication Statement claims completeness only within its committed L; no global uniqueness claim #: M27 Mutation: SCITT Receipt or replay input uses a different TS iss, checkpoint key, VDS algorithm, or leaf encoding from committed LogIdentityV0 Expected: REJECT #: M28 Mutation: Matching-sub profile/commitment/closure signed by an iss other than instance_owner_iss Expected: Not a valid lifecycle entry; if cited by a valid object → REJECT #: M29 Mutation: Admission registered after the pre-closure transcript but before the closure leaf Expected: Closure candidate invalid; replay/rebuild/retry, with no epistemic verdict until a valid closure #: M30 Mutation: Issuer-signed P10 payload contains S_R, SCITT Receipt reference, or final replay/coverage result Expected: REJECT; post-registration values MUST remain outside the payload #: M31 Mutation: Mandatory cross-instance limitation bytes are absent, altered, or do not match limitations_digest Expected: REJECT #: M32 Mutation: The verifier loads, checks, or executes a profile whose digest differs from InstanceCommitment.profile_digest, even if that profile was registered before evidence admission Expected: REJECT #: M33 Mutation: Checker source, .olean artifact, dependency lock, Lean toolchain, axiom policy, acceptance command, or build manifest differs from VerifierManifestV0 Expected: REJECT; unavailable required artifact → HALT, with no epistemic verdict #: M34 Mutation: Certificate proves a different, weaker, or certificate-supplied proposition instead of checker-constructed CertificateTargetV0(π, e, c, w₀, w₁) Expected: REJECT #: M35 Mutation: receipt.verifier_digest ≠ profile.verifier_manifest_digest Expected: REJECT

Adversarial-Profile Test #: AP1 Test: Compatibleπ is strict only for frozen eᵈ and trivially true for all other evidence in Eπ Expected: Formally passes FormallyUnderdeterminationCapable. Not a soundness hole in the Lean core or a claim counterexample: the issued P10 Adjudication Statement proves the true proposition Underdeterminedπ(e, c) relative to the profile. An independent profile-adequacy review catches it, and the P10 Adjudication Statement carries the AP1 limitation (). Not part of the mathematical core. Profile-adequacy review is mandatory for every concrete profile before first use, beginning with the Sandia EFC profile. It is a separate gate outside this document.

Executed P10-over-SCITT Instance This appendix is informative. It describes one executed P10-over-SCITT instance and does not add conformance requirements beyond the body of this document. Exact reproduction and artifact pins are recorded in .

Instance Boundary The executed instance was bounded by three repository states. Commit 7c3b2d4b919c356a566f8f5d3628d4f546e41afa, referenced by the signed v0.1.0-s3a-frozen tag, froze the S3-A deployment definition. Commit 149953c29780e566b0b23f7a1b975dc93349daf2 recorded the normative S3-B capture and its operator-generated anchor before verification. Commit 5acc277a13dc122e39fcb5f9f3e646b06cc95009, referenced by the signed v0.1.0-s3-accepted tag, recorded the accepted verification result. The capture commit is a direct descendant of the frozen deployment definition, and the result commit is the next repository state after the capture commit. This ordering is repository provenance for capture-before-verification. The anchor was generated and recorded by the same operator; it is not an independent timestamp, external notarization, or third-party anchor. Later offline packaging, second-host replay, and Replay Workbench evidence were produced after the accepted result. They are reproduction evidence and are not part of the executed-instance boundary defined above.

Statement and Encoding Parameters The executed instance used RFC9162_SHA256 as its VDS algorithm and the frozen LeafEncodeV0 mapping for the exact pre-Receipt Signed Statement bytes. Its committed LogIdentityV0 digest was 6a510bcf3a122ae9af2714939d60a6a4e997ff9751836024dd480ebd60cd37c9. The checkpoint origin was volmax-s3/ts. The Receipt issuer identifier was https://ts.example/volmax-s3. The .example namespace is reserved for documentation and examples (); the Transparency Service used for this demonstration was not publicly reachable and is not offered as a public service. The deployment used detached-payload ES256 Receipts with low-S signatures and one committed Receipt key for the complete capture. The thumbprint of that key was 6bc5b0ae47f8726379ffbfb0e0858fe10ef74ba5b8801edeba0b3d3b89944056. The retained checks verified each of the eight returned Receipts under that same committed key. This does not mean that the thumbprint was carried as a field in every Receipt.

Transparency-Service Access Requirements P10 replay for this instance consumed the exact, complete, checkpoint-bounded [0,8) sequence of registered Signed Statement bytes as deterministic replay input. The retained capture also included the retained Receipts, signed checkpoints, response material, required payloads, and the public log export needed to reconstruct and check that prefix. This is an operational requirement of the executed P10-over-SCITT instance. It does not change the abstract P10 profile and does not prescribe the storage architecture of a SCITT deployment. The S3 facade used a leaf-input cap of 65535 bytes, corresponding to a maximum Signed Statement size of 65474 bytes under the selected LeafEncodeV0 wrapper. Detached payloads used for signature verification were handled separately, with a 1 MiB limit. These are deployment limits of the executed facade, not general P10 limits. The capture digest was recorded by the operator in the capture commit before the verification-result commit. That record establishes the repository ordering described in ; it does not establish an external observation time.

Registration Path The executed bootstrap used an issuer table supplied to the facade out of band. Two declaration statements were then registered as leaves 0 and 1. The logged declarations were not the source of registration authority: the facade used its preconfigured issuer table, and the declarations were published bytes. For registration, the facade authenticated submitted Signed Statements with ES256 against the preconfigured issuer table before append. This was an operator-side registration check only. The P10 replay path did not accept that check as verifier evidence; S2b independently verified relevant Signed Statement signatures against the key-resolution material frozen for the instance. The actual eight-leaf layout was as follows. S denotes the instance subject formed by concatenating the p10s2sub: prefix with this suffix:

Index Role iss sub 0 policy declaration volmax-s3-operator urn:volmax:s3:policy-declaration 1 verification-material declaration volmax-s3-operator urn:volmax:s3:verification-material-declaration 2 profile commitment volmax-owner S 3 operator note volmax-s3-operator urn:volmax:s3:operator-note 4 instance commitment volmax-owner S 5 evidence admission admitter-one S 6 evidence closure volmax-owner S 7 P10 Adjudication Statement volmax-owner S Registration was serialized for this deployment. Each registration was fresh, each returned index equaled the retained log position, and the public checkpoint retained after each registration had size index + 1. These observations describe this execution; they are not a general claim that SCITT registration order represents issuance or creation order. The declarations at leaves 0 and 1 did not establish key authority or prove policy enforcement. Registration authentication was rooted in the out-of-band issuer table, while P10 replay authorization and signature interpretation were rooted in the frozen profile and its key_resolution.

Executed Lifecycle The target P10 Adjudication Statement was registered at leaf 7 before the verification chain ran. Its selected SCITT Receipt established inclusion in the selected VDS at checkpoint size 8. It did not substitute for issuer signature verification by P10. The executed verification flow was:

The accepted run executed in an ephemeral Linux x86_64 cloud container. CPython 3.13.16 was recorded for that run but was not a pinned acceptance input. Rust 1.82.0 and the selected Lean 4.33.0 executable identities were checked by the frozen runner path. The accepted capture was later replayed on an operator-controlled workstation as a second host and produced the same accepted verdict. That later replay used CPython 3.12.3. The two observed interpreter versions with the same verdict are reproduction evidence; they are not a claim of Python-version independence.

Demonstration Boundary This appendix describes only the executed demonstration instance. The limitations and non-claims in remain in force. In particular: the P10 semantics exercised by the instance were the deliberately minimal two-bit fixture semantics, not a realistic evidence domain; the S3-owned facade is not claimed to be a generally conformant RFC 9943 Transparency Service or SCRAPI implementation; fixing LeafEncodeV0 and the VDS identity for this instance does not demonstrate interoperability with arbitrary SCITT Transparency Services; the same operator controlled the demonstration infrastructure and the later workstation replay, so the second-host result is not independent third-party attestation; the operator-generated capture anchor is not an external timestamp or independent observation; and the Receipt issuer identifier uses the reserved .example namespace and does not identify a publicly reachable service. The executed result therefore demonstrates one pinned P10-over-SCITT composition through BINDING_MATCH; it does not enlarge the claims stated in the body of this document.

Reproduction and Artifact Pins This appendix is informative. It records the retained source, capture, execution, and reproduction identifiers for the executed demonstration. The status column has three meanings: PINNED: a frozen input or executable identity that was checked as part of the recorded execution path; RECORDED: a value retained in the evidence but not used as a frozen acceptance input; and OPEN: the retained evidence does not contain the artifact or value needed to make the stronger statement. No OPEN field is inferred from an identical downstream verdict. To keep the RFC text rendering within the available page width, each matrix uses short identifier labels in the Value column. The complete identifier values follow each matrix verbatim.

Upstream Source and Manifest Pins Item Value Source Status P10 v0.1.1 A01/A02/A03 v0.1.1 PINNED S1 source A04/A05 v0.1.0-s1-ratified PINNED S1 manifest A06 manifest/VerifierManifestS1.json @ e4db3747 PINNED S2a source A07/A08 v0.1.0-s2a-ratified PINNED S2a verifier manifest A09 manifest/VerifierManifestS2aV0.json @ 741d56d3 PINNED S2a vector manifest A10 manifest/VectorManifestS2aV0.json @ 741d56d3 PINNED LeafEncode spec A11 profile/LeafEncodeV0_SPEC.md @ 741d56d3 PINNED LeafEncode digest A12 LeafEncodeSpecArtifactDigestV0 PINNED S2b source A13/A14 v0.1.0-s2b-complete PINNED S2b exec manifest A15 manifest/S2bExecutionManifestV0.json @ 8eaa91ca PINNED S2b vector manifest A16 manifest/VectorManifestS2bV0.json @ 8eaa91ca PINNED S2b Cargo.lock A17 Cargo.lock @ 8eaa91ca PINNED S2b toolchain file A18 rust-toolchain.toml @ 8eaa91ca PINNED S2b public export A19/A20 v0.1.1-s2b-public RECORDED The exact identifiers used above are:

The public S2b distribution changes licensing, notice, README, security, and integration-documentation files relative to the ratified source. The manifest-covered implementation files listed above are identical at the ratified and public commits.

Accepted S3 Capture and Identity Pins The capture-relative paths in this subsection are rooted at ts-prototype/evidence/s3b-capture/capture/. Item Value Source Status Frozen S3-A B01/B02 v0.1.0-s3a-frozen PINNED Capture commit B03 S3-B capture state RECORDED Accepted result B04/B05 v0.1.0-s3-accepted RECORDED Capture index B06 capture.json @ 149953c PINNED Replay request B07 request.cbor @ 149953c PINNED Target Receipt B08 receipts/000007.receipt.cbor @ 149953c PINNED Final checkpoint B09 provenance/public-checkpoints/000007.checkpoint @ 149953c PINNED Log identity B10 frozen pB.json PINNED Receipt key B11 public-keys/ts.public.cose_key.cbor @ 149953c PINNED Owner key B12 public-keys/volmax-owner.public.cose_key.cbor @ 149953c PINNED Admitter-one key B13 public-keys/admitter-one.public.cose_key.cbor @ 149953c PINNED Admitter-two key B14 public-keys/admitter-two.public.cose_key.cbor @ 149953c PINNED Operator key B15 public-keys/operator.public.cose_key.cbor @ 149953c PINNED Non-target subjects B16 prefix leaves 0, 1, 3 PINNED The exact identifiers used above are:

The intruder-x public key was retained in the profile material but was not configured as a facade registration issuer for this execution.

Captured Prefix and Transparency Export The paths in this subsection are relative to the same accepted capture root. Item Value Source Status Capture index C01 capture.json @ 149953c PINNED Prefix [0] C02 prefix/000000.cose @ 149953c PINNED Prefix [1] C03 prefix/000001.cose @ 149953c PINNED Prefix [2] C04 prefix/000002.cose @ 149953c PINNED Prefix [3] C05 prefix/000003.cose @ 149953c PINNED Prefix [4] C06 prefix/000004.cose @ 149953c PINNED Prefix [5] C07 prefix/000005.cose @ 149953c PINNED Prefix [6] C08 prefix/000006.cose @ 149953c PINNED Prefix [7] C09 prefix/000007.cose @ 149953c PINNED Tessera bundle C10 provenance/public-http-responses/tile/entries/000.p/8 @ 149953c RECORDED The exact SHA-256 values are:

The Tessera entry-bundle digest is the digest of the retained transparency-log export. It is not a digest of a newly defined aggregate P10 prefix object. No additional aggregate prefix digest is introduced here.

Accepted Replay Execution The accepted runner records in this subsection are under ts-prototype/evidence/s3b-capture/runner/ at commit 5acc277. Item Value Source Status Pinned inputs D01 PINNED_INPUTS.json PINNED Entry executable D02 pinned inputs / run-info PINNED G5 executable D03 pinned inputs / run-info PINNED Rust toolchain 1.82.0 pinned inputs / preflight PINNED Lean executable D04 manifests / preflight PINNED Lake executable D05 S1 manifest / preflight PINNED Lean shared lib D06 S1 manifest / preflight PINNED Leanchecker D07 manifest / preflight; not used on chain PINNED Run-info D08 run-info.json RECORDED Preflight D09 preflight.json RECORDED Platform D10 run-info RECORDED Python 3.13.16 run-info; not pinned RECORDED Network isolation true/{lo} run-info RECORDED Replay tB digest D11 verdict RECORDED Accepted verdict D12 verdict.json; BINDING_MATCH RECORDED The exact identifiers used above are:

HP Second-Host Reproduction The historical HP records are under packaging/offline-package/evidence/hp-replay-20261008T214835Z/. A new replay is not used to fill any field in this subsection. Item Value Source Status Evidence commit E01 retained HP evidence RECORDED Run-info E02 run-info.json RECORDED Preflight E03 preflight.json RECORDED Verdict E04 verdict.json; BINDING_MATCH RECORDED Platform E05 run-info RECORDED Python 3.12.3 run-info; not pinned RECORDED Network isolation true/{lo} run-info RECORDED Entry executable E06 verdict / run-info PINNED G5 executable E07 verdict / run-info PINNED Rust toolchain 1.82.0 preflight PINNED Lean executable E08 preflight / run-info PINNED Lake executable E09 preflight PINNED Lean shared lib E10 preflight PINNED Leanchecker E11 preflight; not used on chain PINNED Pinned-input artifact — absent from retained HP evidence OPEN HP tB digest E12 verdict.json RECORDED HP tB artifact — absent from retained HP evidence OPEN The exact identifiers used above are:

The retained HP verdict.json itself records E12. The corresponding tB artifact is not retained in the HP evidence, so the digest is RECORDED while the artifact remains OPEN. No PINNED_INPUTS.json file or retained digest for that artifact was found in the standalone HP evidence or its retained evidence archive. A later run would be a separate reproduction and would not retroactively alter this retained record.

Replay Workbench Reproduction The retained successful report archive is apps/replay-workbench/evidence/hp-20261009/replay-report-20261009T225843Z-56b012c1.tar.gz. Paths beginning with runner/ below are relative to the archive's replay-report/ root. Item Value Source Status Workbench source F01 exported report RECORDED Evidence commit F02 retained HP evidence RECORDED Report archive F03 retained export RECORDED Member integrity 10/PASS REPORT_SHA256SUMS RECORDED Run-info F04 runner/run-info.json RECORDED Preflight F05 runner/preflight.json RECORDED Verdict F06 runner/verdict.json; BINDING_MATCH RECORDED Platform F07 run-info RECORDED Python 3.12.3 run-info; not pinned RECORDED Network isolation true/{lo} run-info RECORDED Entry executable F08 verdict / run-info PINNED G5 executable F09 verdict / run-info PINNED Rust toolchain 1.82.0 preflight required check PINNED Lean executable F10 preflight required check PINNED Lake executable F11 preflight required check PINNED Lean shared lib F12 preflight required check PINNED Leanchecker F13 preflight check; not used on chain PINNED Pinned-input artifact — absent from report archive OPEN tB digest F14 verdict RECORDED tB artifact — absent from report archive OPEN The exact identifiers used above are:

E03 and F05 are intentionally identical: the Workbench export retained the same byte-identical second-host preflight.json record as the HP evidence. That JSON record contains no timestamp field. D09 belongs to the earlier cloud execution and has a different digest. The Workbench report records the accepted tB digest in its verdict, but the report archive does not retain the tB artifact itself. The artifact field therefore remains OPEN.

Remaining Open Fields Item Value Source Status HP pinned inputs — no file/digest in retained HP evidence OPEN HP tB artifact — digest retained in verdict; artifact absent OPEN Workbench pinned inputs — file absent from successful report archive OPEN Workbench tB artifact — file absent; verdict records only digest OPEN These fields are intentionally not inferred from the identical BINDING_MATCH verdict. A newly executed replay would constitute a new reproduction record rather than retroactive evidence for the retained HP or Workbench runs.

Relationship to Prior Work The following sources were inspected directly on 2026-09-23 unless otherwise stated. The two Internet-Drafts marked 2026-09-27 were added by the v0.1.1 pre-publication prior-art sweep. Each item in the following list is one row of the prior-art table. Work / system: Koomullil, arXiv 2605.16407 v1 () Existing coverage: Paper-reported (per the source snapshot): the paper defines Supported/Contradicted/Contested/Unknown; Unknown is computed using thresholds θg, θc (§5.2). The paper-reported Universal Assurance Card has Certified/Partial/Residue/Abstain verdicts; Abstain requires nonempty reasons and residue_coverage = 0 (§§10.2–10.3). Paper-reported Thm 6.3(v) claims evidence anti-monotonicity of MCR under a monotone evidence-to-constraints map. What it does not cover relative to : No concrete P10 world-witness pair bound to the same closed evidence set. The inspected MCR.lean contains neither paper-level maximality nor an evidence anti-monotonicity theorem; those claims are therefore not attributed to the verifiable Lean artifact. Work / system: Ascendr, Inc. Existing coverage: Company-affiliated research actor confirmed; commercial product deployment not demonstrated. What it does not cover relative to : — Work / system: Pramāṇa (arXiv 2605.20312 v1) () Existing coverage: Typed ClaimAttestation; verify(claim, source) returns VERIFIED/REJECTED/UNVERIFIABLE; a deterministic theorem prover may be an oracle for InferenceClaim; A2A/MCP wire extension and source-byte digest. What it does not cover relative to : Does not freeze a pre-evidence world class or compatibility semantics. UNVERIFIABLE is an outcome label without a concrete divergent witness pair. Work / system: ClaimReceipt (arXiv 2609.01992 v1) () Existing coverage: Claim sufficiency is defined over executions: identical retained evidence must imply an identical claim value (§2.1, Eq. 1). It explicitly describes the identification boundary/divergent executions, distinguishes contract and evidential abstention (I_C, I_E, §5.1), freezes the specification before implementation (§4.1), and places a signed manifest and assignment matrix with an OpenTimestamps proof before prospective ingress (§3.3). Coverage is a set property and requires manifest/ingress commitment before outcome. What it does not cover relative to : P10 closure/reconciliation follows the same broad prospective-ingress/terminal-reconciliation pattern; generic coverage is not novel to P10. The narrower remainder is that ClaimReceipt does not freeze an explicit world class with executable Compatibleπ, nor does INCONCLUSIVE carry a concrete divergent witness pair checked by the Lean kernel and registration-order-bound to the profile/instance. Work / system: Independent Determinability of Agent Actions (draft-wadkins-agentproto-action-determinability-00) () — inspected 2026-09-27 Existing coverage: Defines mechanism-independent determinability requirements for agent transitions. DET-2 requires the specific governing-condition revision to have governed the transition at decision time; prior signing or registration, or availability among multiple compatible candidates, is insufficient. Its candidates are governing-condition sets or policy revisions, not possible worlds assigning different values to an evidential claim. It also requires omission detection or an explicit result that completeness cannot be established when completeness is material. What it does not cover relative to : Defines no evidence format, token, audit system, registry, or transparency service. It does not specify a pre-evidence world class with executable Compatibleπ and Evalπ, a divergent-world pair carried by a P10 Adjudication Statement, Lean certificate checking, or P10-style checkpoint-bounded evidence closure. P10 does not equate its verifier-time recomputation with Wadkins's claim that governing conditions controlled a downstream transition at decision time. Work / system: The verification.* Constraint Family (draft-krausz-verification-state-03) () — current revision inspected 2026-10-30 Existing coverage: Defines signed claim/ruleset/evidence-bound JWS receipts; verified, contradicted, indeterminate, and not_evaluated states; content-addressed evidence sets; local recomputation; immutable content-addressed mapping resolution with digest verification before use and fail-closed mismatch handling; and SCITT-compatible transport. Under indeterminate, reason codes distinguish causes including divergence, where the check found divergence between sources or signals that the verifier cannot attribute to either side. It explicitly states that a pinned evidence set records what the issuer listed but cannot prove disclosure completeness or detect an omission. What it does not cover relative to : Does not establish checkpoint-complete evidence coverage and does not require a pre-evidence committed Wπ with executable Compatibleπ and Evalπ, a concrete divergent-world pair, or a Lean proof that both worlds remain compatible with the same closed evidence set while assigning different claim values. P10's narrower remainder is instance-unique profile resolution plus transitive verifier-toolchain/build binding, not digest-checked ruleset resolution as such. Work / system: SCITT Agent Action Capsule (draft-mih-scitt-agent-action-capsule-05) () — current revision inspected 2026-10-30 Existing coverage: Digest-committed agent-action record with verdict-level disposition, deterministic constraints, effect-state binding that distinguishes dispatch from observed result, and records for refusals as well as successful execution. Capsule identity and producer authentication are separated, and the Capsule identifier can be registered with a SCITT Transparency Service. What it does not cover relative to : Records action/disposition provenance rather than epistemic underdetermination. It does not require a pre-evidence committed world class with executable Compatibleπ and Evalπ, nor a concrete divergent-world pair checked against the same closed evidence set. Work / system: Checkpointed Local Log (draft-mih-scitt-checkpointed-local-log-02) () — inspected 2026-10-30 Existing coverage: A producer-operated append-only Merkle Mountain Range with signed checkpoints that can be registered in SCITT, plus inclusion, consistency, and range-completeness verification. The design explicitly separates payload semantics from log-order/completeness claims. What it does not cover relative to : Provides a payload-neutral ordering/completeness substrate rather than a P10 epistemic rule. It does not define an underdetermination verdict, a pre-evidence model class, executable compatibility/evaluation semantics, or a divergent witness-world pair. Work / system: Decision Provenance for SCITT (draft-lemonnier-scitt-decision-provenance-00) () — inspected 2026-10-30 Existing coverage: Describes how decision records and action-binding attachments, as defined by the Decision Provenance Standard extensions, link an action or release to the decision behind it. The attachment records what its issuer says was presented and may carry an authority reference and reasoning; those assertions are not thereby independently established without separate verification. The draft also describes verification procedures and optional approver signatures, with SCITT anchoring for witness checkpoints. What it does not cover relative to : Establishes decision provenance rather than evidential underdetermination. It does not define a pre-evidence compatible-world class or require a concrete pair of compatible worlds assigning different values to the same frozen claim. Work / system: CIRIS Epistemic Grammar attestation rows (draft-moore-scitt-ciris-ceg-00) () — inspected 2026-10-30 Existing coverage: Canonically encoded signed claim/delegation/replacement/withdrawal/recantation rows with fixed admission checks and named refusal reasons, together with an explicit comparison to SCITT roles and transparency mechanisms. What it does not cover relative to : A signed claim grammar is not a proof that a frozen claim is underdetermined by a closed evidence set. The draft does not require a P10-style pre-evidence world class, executable Compatibleπ/Evalπ, Lean-checked divergent witnesses, or checkpoint-bounded evidence reconciliation. Work / system: AWS Automated Reasoning checks Existing coverage: Formal verdicts (VALID/INVALID/SATISFIABLE/IMPOSSIBLE/TRANSLATION_AMBIGUOUS) What it does not cover relative to : No third-party-verifiable receipt or witness pair Work / system: Supervaluationism, version spaces, partial identification Existing coverage: “True in all admissible models” and monotone narrowing What it does not cover relative to : Not receipt/binding systems Provenance for the Koomullil row: the complete arXiv HTML v1 was inspected through §§1–17 and the appendices; gkoomullil/proof-carrying-certificates was inspected read-only at full commit 8e5b718c4fc1a53678f1da9a94499df3b311d065 (commit timestamp 2026-05-12T18:19:05Z). README.txt, lean_artifact/EmbeddingSensitivity/MCR.lean (blob 096f15d486f7190d7018317002a3ba2d137eadab), and lean_artifact/EmbeddingSensitivity/AxiomAudit.lean (blob 83899399f1157d99f06bcc611466186bf26d77b9) were opened directly. The paper reports threshold-based Unknown, Theorem 6.3(v), and the Abstain condition. However, the inspected MCR.lean has no p_maximal_over_all field, maximality theorem, or evidence anti-monotonicity theorem; the last of its three theorems merely repeats p_residue_cert. This is a mismatch between paper-level claims and the inspected artifact, not artifact confirmation of those claims. lake build was not independently run. Narrow differentiation after the v0.1.1 sweep: P10 claims no novelty for independent determinability, decision-time or pre-evidence binding as a general idea, an indeterminate receipt, claim/ruleset/evidence binding, content-addressed evidence, local recomputation, SCITT transport, or the need for coverage and omission controls. The remaining claimed profile-level combination is a concrete divergent-world pair from a pre-evidence committed model class, checked under executable Compatibleπ and Evalπ semantics by Lean and bound to a unique, instance-specific pre-evidence commitment whose exact profile and verifier-manifest digests are independently resolved and used by the P10 certificate verifier, with registration-order and checkpoint-bounded coverage verification.

Prior-Art Boundary Question

• Do Pramāṇa, ClaimReceipt, draft-wadkins-agentproto-action-determinability-00, draft-krausz-verification-state-03, or the post--01 SCITT drafts inspected above already require a pre-evidence committed model class with executable compatibility and evaluation semantics and carry a concrete divergent-world witness pair checked against the same closed evidence set?

Review answer: No. Pramāṇa: its commitment is the source_digest of retrieved bytes used by verify(claim, source); it has no pre-evidence commitment of a world class/compatibility semantics. UNVERIFIABLE carries no witness pair. ClaimReceipt: it has pre-ingress manifest/specification and coverage commitments, but no explicitly frozen Wπ with executable Compatibleπ, nor an INCONCLUSIVE receipt carrying a concrete divergent witness pair. Independent Determinability of Agent Actions: its compatible candidates are governing-condition sets or policy revisions, not claim-worlds. It supplies the general compatible-candidate principle, decision-time binding, independent retrospective evaluation, and the requirement to detect omission or report that completeness is unavailable. It deliberately defines no evidence format or transparency service and carries no concrete divergent-world witness pair under frozen executable semantics. The verification.* Constraint Family: it supplies a signed and recomputable claim/ruleset/evidence-bound receipt, an indeterminate state, content-addressed evidence, and SCITT compatibility. Its receipt cannot establish disclosure completeness or detect an omitted source, and it carries no P10 divergent-world witness proof. Checkpointed Local Log: it strengthens ordering and range-completeness claims for streams of locally retained records, but is payload-neutral and defines no underdetermination semantics or divergent-world witness. Decision Provenance for SCITT: it binds actions/releases to decision authority and decision evidence, but does not define a compatible-world model class or a witness pair showing that one frozen claim takes different values. CIRIS Epistemic Grammar: it defines signed claim-family rows and admission semantics, but not P10's closed-evidence divergent-world proof obligation. The claim therefore survives only as the narrower profile-and-binding combination stated in : concrete divergent-world witnesses from a pre-evidence committed model class, executable Compatibleπ and Evalπ checks backed by Lean, a uniquely resolved instance-specific profile and transitively bound verifier manifest, checkpoint-complete evidence coverage, and transparency-log registration-order verification. P10 verifier-time use is not a claim that the verdict governed a downstream action in Wadkins's DET-2 sense. Post--01 sweep conclusion (2026-10-30): draft-mih-scitt-checkpointed-local-log-02, draft-lemonnier-scitt-decision-provenance-00, and draft-moore-scitt-ciris-ceg-00 materially strengthen the surrounding SCITT ecosystem for ordered/completeness commitments, decision provenance, and signed claim grammars. They narrow what P10 should claim as distinctive, but they do not introduce the concrete P10 divergent-world witness requirement under a pre-evidence committed executable model class. The current Agent Action Capsule and verification.* revisions likewise strengthen action/disposition and fail-closed receipt semantics without supplying that witness construction.

Source Snapshot The initial source set was inspected directly on 2026-09-23, with the identified v0.1.1 Internet-Drafts added on 2026-09-27. A focused post--01 IETF sweep was performed on 2026-10-30 for the current revisions and newly published SCITT drafts identified below. The verification statements are limited to the cited source versions and inspected artifacts. Primary sources opened directly (Europe/Belgrade; inspection dates stated above): Koomullil, arXiv 2605.16407v1 (), complete HTML; linked GitHub repository at commit 8e5b718c4fc1a53678f1da9a94499df3b311d065, including README.txt, MCR.lean, and AxiomAudit.lean. Pramāṇa, arXiv 2605.20312v1 (), complete HTML. ClaimReceipt, arXiv 2609.01992v1 (), complete HTML. draft-wadkins-agentproto-action-determinability-00 (), complete Datatracker HTML, dated 2026-09-10 and last updated 2026-09-11. IETF Datatracker IPR disclosure 7599, submitted 2026-09-11, naming unpublished pending U.S. provisional application US64/147765; the submitter made no licensing declaration at that time. This is a source-reported disclosure record, not a legal conclusion by P10. draft-krausz-verification-state-03 (), current Datatracker revision, inspected 2026-10-30; published 2026-10-01. draft-mih-scitt-agent-action-capsule-05 (), current Agent Action Capsule revision, inspected 2026-10-30. draft-mih-scitt-checkpointed-local-log-02 (), Datatracker HTML, inspected 2026-10-30. draft-lemonnier-scitt-decision-provenance-00 (), Datatracker HTML, inspected 2026-10-30. draft-moore-scitt-ciris-ceg-00 (), Datatracker HTML, inspected 2026-10-30. RFC 9943 (): §§3, 5.1.3, 6, 7, 9.1, and 9.3. Protected sub groups Transparent Statements and supports subject completeness checks; VDS replayability permits checking every registered structure only for an actor with content access. Registration Policy can change and is not a soundness premise. §9.1 confirms that VDS registration order need not equal issuance order; §9.3 confirms selective registration. RFC 9943 () Figure 3 defines CWT iss and sub as tstr, places the standard SCITT Receipt in COSE unprotected-header label 394, binds TS identity to a public key, and leaves concrete VDS structures/proofs dependent on the selected VDS profile. P10 therefore additionally freezes LogIdentityV0 and LeafEncodeV0. in-toto Attestation v1 README () and statement.md (): Envelope/Statement/Predicate layers and the rule that a consumer ignores unknown fields unless the predicate specification says otherwise. IETF Datatracker important dates: IETF 127 Internet-Draft cutoff 2026-11-02 23:59 UTC, confirmed on 2026-09-23. Not independently executed: Koomullil lake build, all pilot experiments, and the ClaimReceipt reference verifier. Their build/test results remain primary-source self-reports. Source inspection confirms only the content of inspected files at the stated commit; specifically, it found that MCR.lean contains neither paper-level maximality nor an evidence anti-monotonicity theorem. Excluded: existence of an automation task and any market/commercial-priority claim.

Document History -02: Performs a focused pre-IETF-127 prior-art and boundary update without changing P10 profile semantics. It updates the verification.* and Agent Action Capsule references to their current revisions, adds the Checkpointed Local Log, SCITT Decision Provenance, and CIRIS Epistemic Grammar drafts to the informative prior-art boundary, and clarifies that separate P10 package-level formal-binding and rule-re-execution work is outside this underdetermination profile. No change is made to Determinateπ, Underdeterminedπ, FormallyUnderdeterminationCapable, evidence closure, wire fields, S1/S2a/S2b/S3 acceptance conditions, or conformance tests M1–M35/AP1. -01: Clarifies the profile/instance/deployment boundary; uses “P10 Adjudication Statement” consistently for the P10 object while reserving “SCITT Receipt” for the RFC 9942 transparency proof; applies the ratified E02/E03 editorial clarifications; adds the RFC 7942 Implementation Status section, the informative executed-instance appendix, and the reproduction/artifact-pin appendix; records the executed S1/S2a/S2b/S3 demonstration and later same-operator reproductions with explicit evidence ceilings; and repairs/extends informative references including SCRAPI and RFC 9679. No profile semantics change is introduced by this revision. -00: Internet-Draft transcription of P10 Underdetermination Profile v0.1.1 (), applying ratified Erratum E01 by replacing the profile's undefined editorial notation S_C in the evidence-closure section with the actual issuer-signed payload fields, plus citation repairs and informative IETF framing; no other normative change. The earlier characterization of S_C as “obsolete notation” is corrected in -01; human-ratified E03 records that it was undefined editorial shorthand and introduced no additional wire field, VDS checkpoint, digest, or acceptance condition.

v0.1.1 — 2026-09-27 Added draft-wadkins-agentproto-action-determinability-00 and the then-current draft-krausz-verification-state-02 to the prior-art boundary. Restricted the novelty narrative to the concrete P10 divergent-world, executable-semantics, Lean-proof, checkpoint-coverage, and registration-order combination. Added explicit non-claims for the concepts anticipated by those drafts. Added the mandatory cross-instance selection limitation and the downstream-action non-claim. Added VerifierManifestV0, ActiveProfileBindingV0, and M31–M35 to bind the exact active profile, checker, build, axiom policy, dependencies, .olean files, and Lean toolchain transitively into verification, and to require the checker-constructed CertificateTargetV0 proposition. Made no change to the mathematical definitions of Determinateπ, Underdeterminedπ, or FormallyUnderdeterminationCapable, to evidence-closure semantics, or to existing tests M1–M30 and AP1.

Acknowledgments AI-assisted tools supported source comparison, transcription checks, build validation, and adversarial review. The author reviewed and ratified the substantive decisions represented in this document and remains responsible for its content and errors.